August 11, 2022 - 10-Q: Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d)

Form: 10-Q

Documents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)


☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2022


☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _____ to ______

Commission File Number: 001-40532

GRAPHITE BIO, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)


Delaware	84-4867570
( State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
201 Haskins Way, Suite 210 South San Francisco, CA	94080
(Address of principal executive offices)	(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (650) 484-0886

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading
Symbol(s)

Name of each exchange on which registered

Common Stock, par value $0.00001 per share

GRPH

The Nasdaq Global Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of August 5, 2022, the registrant had 58,211,192 shares of common stock, $0.00001 par value per share, outstanding.

Summary of Risk Factors

Our business is subject to a number of risks of which you should be aware before making an investment decision. These risks are discussed more fully in the “Risk Factors” section of this Form 10-Q. These risks include, but are not limited to, the following:

•

We have incurred significant losses since inception. We expect to incur losses for the foreseeable future and may never achieve or maintain profitability.

•

Our limited operating history may make it difficult for you to evaluate the performance of our business to date and to assess our future viability.

•

We have never generated revenue from product sales, may never generate any revenue from product sales and may never become profitable.

•

We will need substantial additional funding. If we are unable to raise capital when needed on acceptable terms, or at all, we would be forced to delay, reduce, or terminate our research and product development programs, future commercialization efforts or other operations.

•

We face risks related to health epidemics, pandemics and other widespread outbreaks of contagious disease, including the ongoing and evolving COVID-19 pandemic, which could significantly disrupt our operations, impact our financial results or otherwise adversely impact our business.

•

We are very early in our development efforts. Other than nulabeglogene autogedtemcel (nula-cel), formerly GPH101, which is in early clinical development, all of our product candidates are still in preclinical development or earlier stages and it will be many years before we or our collaborators commercialize a product candidate, if ever. If we are unable to advance our product candidates through clinical development, obtain regulatory approval and ultimately commercialize our product candidates, or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.

•

Our gene editing technology is not approved for human therapeutic use. The approaches we are taking to discover and develop novel therapeutics may never lead to marketable products.

•

If serious adverse events, undesirable side effects, or unexpected characteristics are identified with respect to our product candidates, we may need to abandon or limit our clinical development or commercialization of those product candidates.

•

We face significant competition in an environment of rapid technological change, and there is a possibility that our competitors may achieve regulatory approval before us or develop therapies that are safer, less expensive or more advanced or effective than ours, which may harm our financial condition and our ability to successfully market or commercialize our product candidates.

•

Adverse events or side effects involving genetic medicines and gene editing in particular, as well as adverse public perception of these approaches, may negatively impact regulatory approval of, and/or demand for, our potential products, if approved.

•

We contract with third parties for the manufacture of materials for our research programs, preclinical studies and ongoing Phase 1/2 clinical trial of nula-cel and expect to continue to do so for future clinical trials and for commercialization of our product candidates. This reliance on third parties increases the risk that we will not have sufficient quantities of such materials, product candidates, or any products that we may develop and commercialize, or that such supply will not be available to us at an acceptable quality, cost or timelines, which could delay, prevent, or impair our development or commercialization efforts.

•

If we are unable to obtain and maintain patent and other intellectual property protection for any product candidates we develop and for our gene editing platform technology, or if the scope of the patent and other intellectual property protection obtained is not sufficiently broad, our competitors could develop and commercialize products and technology similar or identical to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates, and our gene editing platform technology may be adversely affected.

•

Our rights to develop and commercialize our gene editing platform technology and product candidates are subject, in part, to the terms and conditions of licenses granted to us by others, and we may lose rights to these licenses if we fail to comply with the applicable license terms or otherwise incur significant expenses to comply with our obligations under such licenses.

•

The intellectual property landscape around gene editing technology is highly dynamic, and third parties may initiate legal proceedings alleging that we are infringing, misappropriating, or otherwise violating their intellectual property rights, the outcome of which would be uncertain and may prevent, delay or otherwise interfere with our product discovery and development efforts.

•

Our owned and in-licensed patents and other intellectual property may be subject to priority disputes or inventorship disputes or we may be subject to claims that we have infringed, misappropriated or otherwise violated the intellectual property of a third party and similar proceedings. If we or our licensors are unsuccessful in any of these proceedings, we may be required to obtain licenses from third parties, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all, or to cease the development, manufacture, and commercialization of one or more of our product candidates, which could have a material adverse impact on our business.

•

Unfavorable global economic conditions, including market volatility, inflationary pressures, acts of war and civil and political unrest, could have a negative impact on our stock price, increase our operating expenses and impair our ability to raise additional capital on acceptable terms, or at all.

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Form 10-Q”), including its section entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” contains express or implied forward-looking statements that are based on our management’s belief and assumptions and on information currently available to our management. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, these statements relate to future events or our future operational or financial performance, and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance, or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements in this Form 10-Q may include, but are not limited to, statements about:

•

the success, cost and timing of our product development activities and clinical trials of our lead product candidates, nula-cel and GPH102, including the initiation and progress of, and results from, our Phase 1/2 clinical trial of nula-cel and whether the clinical trial will support the intended uses for treatment of sickle cell disease, and future clinical trials of these and any of our other product candidates;

•

the therapeutic potential of our product candidates, and the disease indications for which we intend to develop our product candidates;

•

the timing and likelihood of, and our ability to obtain and maintain, regulatory clearance of our Investigational New Drug (“IND”) applications for and regulatory approval of our product candidates;

•

our ability and the ability of third-party suppliers upon which we rely to manufacture our product candidates for clinical development and, if approved, for commercialization, and the timing and costs of such manufacture;

•

estimates of our expenses, ongoing losses, future revenue, capital requirements and our need for or ability to obtain additional funding before we can expect to generate any revenue from product sales;

•

our ability to compete with companies currently marketing or engaged in the development and commercialization of precision gene repair therapies or other treatments for disease indications that our product candidates are intended to address;

•

our ability to establish or maintain licenses, collaborations, partnerships or strategic relationships;

•

our ability to create and maintain a pipeline of product candidates;

•

our ability to advance any product candidate into, and successfully complete clinical trials;

•

our ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection for our current and future product candidates, the duration of such protection and our ability to operate our business without infringing on the intellectual property rights of others;

•

our ability to retain and recruit key personnel;

•

our expectations regarding use of our cash and cash equivalents, including the proceeds from our initial public offering;

•

our financial performance;

•

our competitive position and the development of and projections relating to our competitors or our industry, including in gene editing and gene therapy;

•

the impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on our business or operations;

•

the impact of laws and regulations in the United States and foreign countries on various aspects of our operations, including our regulatory and clinical strategy; and

•

our expectations regarding the time during which we will be an emerging growth company under the JOBS Act.

In some cases, forward-looking statements can be identified by terminology such as “will,” “may,” “should,” “could,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “aims,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential,” “continue,” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words. These statements are only predictions. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements because they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors, which are, in some cases, beyond our control and which could materially affect results. Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations include, among other things, those listed under the section entitled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Form 10-Q. If one or more of these risks or uncertainties occur, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual events or results may vary significantly from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. No forward-looking statement is a promise or a guarantee of future performance.

The forward-looking statements in this Form 10-Q represent our views as of the date of this Form 10-Q. We anticipate that subsequent events and developments will cause our views to change. However, while we may elect to update these forward-looking statements at some point in the future, we have no current intention of doing so except to the extent required by applicable law. You should therefore not rely on these forward-looking statements as representing our views as of any date subsequent to the date of this Form 10-Q.

This Form 10-Q may include statistical and other industry and market data that we obtained from industry publications and research, surveys, and studies conducted by third parties. Industry publications and third-party research, surveys, and studies generally indicate that their information has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, although they do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of such information. We have not independently verified the information contained in such sources.

We use various trademarks and trade names in our business, including without limitation our corporate name and logo. All other trademarks or trade names referred to in this Form 10-Q are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, the trademarks and trade names in this Form 10-Q may be referred to without the ® and symbols, but such references should not be construed as any indicator that their respective owners will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, their rights thereto.

Table of Contents


		Page
PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)
	Condensed Balance Sheets	1
	Condensed Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss	2
	Condensed Statements of Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)	3
	Condensed Statements of Cash Flows	5
	Notes to Condensed Financial Statements	6
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	22
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	32
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	32
PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION	33
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	33
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	33
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	80
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	81
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	81
Item 5.	Other Information	81
Item 6.	Exhibits	82
Signatures		83

Graphite Bio, Inc.

Condensed Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except share and per share data)


	June 30, 2022			December 31, 2021
	(unaudited)
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	75,171		$	376,976
Investments in marketable securities, current		247,121			—
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		4,352			4,760
Total current assets		326,644			381,736
Restricted cash, non-current		1,716			1,716
Investments in marketable securities, non-current		5,988			—
Property and equipment, net		10,467			6,507
Operating lease right-of-use assets		8,636			11,574
Other assets		335			454
Total assets	$	353,786		$	401,987
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	3,619		$	2,453
Accrued compensation		2,181			2,689
Accrued research costs		460			633
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		882			886
Operating lease liabilities, current		4,926			5,482
Total current liabilities		12,068			12,143
Operating lease liabilities, non-current		3,262			5,794
Total liabilities		15,330			17,937
Commitments and contingencies (Note 7)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.00001 par value, 10,000,000 shares authorized as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021; and no shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021		—			—
Common stock, $0.00001 par value, 300,000,000 shares authorized as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021; 58,211,192 and 58,010,823 shares issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively		1			1
Additional paid-in capital		532,610			525,400
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(1,033	)		—
Accumulated deficit		(193,122	)		(141,351	)
Total stockholders’ equity		338,456			384,050
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	353,786		$	401,987

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed financial statements.

Graphite Bio, Inc.

Condensed Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

(unaudited)


	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022			2021			2022			2021
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	17,777		$	12,667		$	36,023		$	18,044
General and administrative		8,999			4,866			16,711			8,857
Total operating expenses		26,776			17,533			52,734			26,901
Loss from operations		(26,776	)		(17,533	)		(52,734	)		(26,901	)
Other income (expense), net:
Other income, net		840			4			963			4
Change in fair value of the Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock tranche liability		—			—			—			(10,341	)
Total other income (expense), net		840			4			963			(10,337	)
Net loss	$	(25,936	)	$	(17,529	)	$	(51,771	)	$	(37,238	)
Unrealized loss on investments		(724	)		—		$	(1,033	)		—
Comprehensive loss	$	(26,660	)	$	(17,529	)	$	(52,804	)	$	(37,238	)
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders—basic and diluted	$	(0.48	)	$	(3.45	)	$	(0.95	)	$	(8.45	)
Weighted-average shares used in computing net loss per share—basic and diluted		54,572,866			5,087,008			54,284,836			4,405,357

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed financial statements

Graphite Bio, Inc.

Condensed Statements of Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)

(in thousands, except share data)

(unaudited)


																						Accumulated
	Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock															Additional				Other									Total
	Series A				Series B					Common Stock							Paid-In				Comprehensive				Accumulated					Stockholders’
	Shares		Amount			Shares		Amount			Shares			Amount				Capital				Loss				Deficit					Equity
Balance at December 31, 2021		—		—			—		—			58,010,823			1			$	525,400			$	—			$	(141,351	)			$	384,050
Stock-based compensation expense		—		—			—		—			—			—				3,342				—				—					3,342
Vesting of early exercised stock options		—		—			—		—			—			—				51				—				—					51
Unrealized loss on investment		—		—			—		—			—			—				—				(309	)			—					(309	)
Net loss		—		—			—		—			—			—				—				—				(25,835	)				(25,835	)
Balance at March 31, 2022		—	$	—			—	$	—			58,010,823		$	1			$	528,793			$	(309	)		$	(167,186	)			$	361,299
Common stock issued upon exercise of options												43,945			—				13				—				—					13
Common stock issued under ESPP												207,137			—				414				—				—					414
Vesting of early exercised stock options		—		—			—		—			—			—				30				—				—					30
Repurchase of unvested early exercised stock options		—		—			—		—			(50,713	)		—				—				—				—					-
Stock-based compensation expense		—		—			—		—			—			—				3,360				—				—					3,360
Unrealized loss on investment		—		—			—		—			—			—				—				(724	)			—					(724	)
Net loss		—		—			—		—			—			—				—				—				(25,936	)				(25,936	)
Balance at June 30, 2022		—	$	—			—	$	—			58,211,192		$	1			$	532,610			$	(1,033	)		$	(193,122	)			$	338,456

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed financial statements.

Graphite Bio, Inc.

Condensed Statements of Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)

(in thousands, except share data)

(unaudited)


																				Accumulated
	Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock												Common					Additional		Other					Total
	Series A						Series B						Stock					Paid-In		Comprehensive		Accumulated			Stockholders’
	Shares			Amount			Shares			Amount			Shares			Amount		Capital		Loss		Deficit			Equity (Deficit)
Balance at December 31, 2020		30,019,945		$	55,608			—		$	—			10,279,102		$	—	$	5,183	$	—	$	(70,591	)	$	(65,408	)
Issuance of Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock for cash, net of issuance costs of $4		15,000,000			14,997			—			—			—			—		—		—		—			—
Issuance of Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock for cash, net of issuance costs of $226		—			—			29,792,487			150,524			—			—		—		—		—			—
Stock-based compensation expense		—			—			—			—			—			—		1,033		—		—			1,033
Common stock shares issued upon early exercise of options		—			—			—			—			918,825			—		—		—		—			—
Vesting of early exercised stock options		—			—			—			—			—			—		7		—		—			7
Reclassification of tranche liability upon settlement		—			39,403			—			—			—			—		—		—		—			—
Net loss		—			—			—			—			—			—		—		—		(19,709	)		(19,709	)
Balance at March 31, 2021		45,019,945		$	110,008			29,792,487		$	150,524			11,197,927		$	—	$	6,223	$	—	$	(90,300	)	$	(84,077	)
Common shares issued upon exercise of stock options		—			—			—			—			3,383			—		21				—			21
Issuance of common shares in connection with License Agreement with Stanford		—			—			—			—			640,861			—		—		—		—			—
Repurchase of common shares in connection with terms of License Agreement with Stanford		—			—			—			—			(624,845	)		—		—		—		—			—
Issuance of common stock upon initial public offering, net of issuance costs		—			—			—			—			14,000,000			—		218,177		—		—			218,177
Conversion of redeemable convertible preferred stock to common stock at closing of initial public offering		(45,019,945	)		(110,008	)		(29,792,487	)		(150,524	)		30,761,676			1		260,531		—		—			260,532
Vesting of early exercised stock options		—			—			—			—			—			—		42		—		—			42
Stock-based compensation expense		—			—			—			—			—			—		2,018		—		—			2,018
Net loss and comprehensive loss		—			—			—			—			—			—		—		—		(17,529	)		(17,529	)
Balance at June 30, 2021		—		$	—			—		$	—			55,979,002		$	1	$	487,012	$	—	$	(107,829	)	$	379,184

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed financial statements.

Graphite Bio, Inc.

Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)

(unaudited)


	Six Months Ended
	June 30,
	2022				2021
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(51,771	)	$		(37,238	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operations:
Net amortization of premiums and discounts on marketable securities		83				—
Depreciation and amortization		1,018				206
Noncash lease expense		2,938				—
Stock-based compensation expense		6,702				3,051
Change in fair value of the Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock tranche liability		—				10,341
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets and other assets		527				(1,363	)
Accounts payable		883				3,451
Accrued compensation		(508	)			257
Accrued research costs		(173	)			(463	)
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities and other liabilities		55				(86	)
Operating lease liabilities		(3,088	)			—
Net cash used in operating activities		(43,334	)			(21,844	)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment		(4,658	)			(1,123	)
Purchases of investments in marketable securities		(254,225	)			—
Net cash used in investing activities		(258,883	)			(1,123	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of redeemable convertible preferred stock, net of issuance costs		—				165,521
Proceeds from initial public offering, net of issuance costs		—				219,454
Proceeds from issuance of common stock upon exercise of vested stock options		13				21
Proceeds from employee stock purchase plan		414				—
Proceeds from issuance of common stock upon early exercises of stock options		—				268
Repurchase of unvested early exercised shares		(15	)			—
Net cash provided by financing activities		412				385,264
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(301,805	)			362,297
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, at beginning of period		378,692				19,817
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, at end of period	$	76,887		$		382,114
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash to statement of financial position:
Cash and cash equivalents		75,171				381,965
Restricted cash		1,716				149
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash in statement of financial position	$	76,887		$		382,114
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing information:
Conversion of redeemable convertible preferred stock to common stock at closing of initial public offering	$	—		$		260,532
Purchases of property and equipment included in accounts payable	$	(395	)	$		—
Offering costs included in accrued expenses	$	—		$		1,277
Vesting of early exercised stock options	$	96		$		49

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed financial statements.

Graphite Bio, Inc.

Notes to Condensed Financial Statements

(unaudited)

Description of Business, Organization and Liquidity

Organization and Business

Graphite Bio, Inc. (the “Company”) is a clinical-stage, next-generation gene editing company harnessing the power of high-efficiency precision gene repair to develop a new class of therapies to potentially cure a wide range of serious and life-threatening diseases. The Company is pioneering a precision gene editing approach to achieve one of medicine’s most elusive goals: to precisely “find & replace” any gene in the genome. The Company’s next-generation gene editing platform, called UltraHDR, is designed to precisely correct mutations, replace entire disease-causing genes with functional genes, or insert new genes into predetermined, safe locations. The Company’s lead product candidate nulabeglogene autogedtemcel (nula-cel), formerly GPH101, is a highly differentiated approach with the potential to directly correct the mutation that causes sickle cell disease ("SCD") and restore adult hemoglobin ("HgbA") expression. On November 17, 2021, the Company announced the enrollment of the first patient in the Company’s Phase 1/2 clinical trial of nula-cel. The Company expects to report initial proof-of-concept data in mid-2023.

From its inception in 2017, the Company’s primary activities have been to perform research and development, undertake preclinical studies and enable manufacturing activities in support of its product development efforts, organize and staff the Company, establish its intellectual property portfolio, and raise capital to support and expand such activities.

The Company was incorporated in Ontario, Canada in June 2017 as Longbow Therapeutics Inc., and was reincorporated in the State of Delaware in October 2019. In February 2020, the Company changed its name to Integral Medicines, Inc., and again in August 2020, changed the name to Graphite Bio, Inc. Research and development of the Company’s initial technology ceased at the end of 2018, and the Company did not have any significant operations or any research and development activities in 2019. In March 2020, the Company identified new gene editing technology which the Company sought to further develop, and the Company licensed the related intellectual property rights from The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University (“Stanford”) in December 2020 (Note 6).

Reverse Stock Split

On June 18, 2021, the Company’s board of directors approved an amendment to the Company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation to effect a reverse stock split of the Company’s issued and outstanding common stock at a 1 for 2.432 ratio, which was effected on June 21, 2021. The par value and authorized shares of common stock and convertible preferred stock were not adjusted as a result of the reverse stock split. All issued and outstanding common stock, options to purchase common stock and per share amounts contained in the financial statements have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the reverse stock split for all periods presented. The condensed financial statements have also been retroactively adjusted to reflect a proportional adjustment to the conversion ratio for each series of preferred stock that was effected in connection with the reverse stock split.

Initial Public Offering

On June 24, 2021, the Company’s registration statement on Form S-1 relating to its initial public offering (“IPO”) was declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and the shares of its common stock began trading on the Nasdaq Global Market on June 25, 2021. The IPO closed on June 29, 2021, pursuant to which the Company issued and sold 14,000,000 shares of its common stock at a public offering price of $17.00 per share. On July 2, 2021, the Company issued 2,100,000 shares of its common stock to the underwriters of the IPO pursuant to the full exercise of their option to purchase additional shares. The Company received in June and July 2021 net proceeds of approximately $251.3 million from the IPO, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $19.1 million and offering costs of approximately $3.2 million. Prior to the completion of the IPO, all shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock then outstanding were converted into 30,761,676 shares of common stock.

Liquidity Matters

The Company has incurred significant operating losses since inception and has primarily relied on private equity and convertible debt financings to fund its operations. As of June 30, 2022, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $193.1 million. The Company expects to continue to incur substantial losses, and its transition to profitability will depend on the successful development, approval and commercialization of product candidates and on the achievement of sufficient revenues to support its cost structure. The Company may never achieve profitability, and unless and until then, the Company will need to continue to raise additional capital. Management expects that the existing cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities of $328.3 million as of June 30, 2022 will be sufficient to fund its current operating plan for at least the next 12 months from the date of issuance of these condensed financial statements.

On July 21, 2022, the Company filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (the “2022 Shelf”) with the SEC in relation to the registration of up to an aggregate offering price of $300.0 million of common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants and units or any combination thereof. The Company also simultaneously entered into a Controlled Equity OfferingSM Sales Agreement with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. (the “Sales Agent”), to provide for the offering, issuance and sale by the Company of up to an aggregate of

$75.0 million of its common stock from time to time in “at-the-market” offerings under the 2022 Shelf and subject to the limitations thereof (the “Sales Agreement”). The Company will pay to the Sales Agent cash commissions of up to 3.0 percent of the gross proceeds of sales of common stock under the Sales Agreement. The Company has not issued any shares or received any proceeds from any offerings under the 2022 Shelf through August 11, 2022.

Coronavirus Pandemic

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the global novel coronavirus disease 2019 (“COVID-19”) outbreak a pandemic. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic may continue to affect the Company’s ability to initiate and complete preclinical studies, delay the initiation of its planned clinical trials or future clinical trials or the progress or completion of its ongoing clinical trials, impede regulatory activities, disrupt the supply chain and the manufacture or shipment of drug substances and finished drug products for its product candidates for use in its clinical trials, impair testing, monitoring, data collection and analysis and other related activities, or have other adverse effects on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In addition, the pandemic has caused substantial disruption in the financial markets and may adversely impact economies worldwide, both of which could result in adverse effects on the Company’s business and operations and its ability to raise additional funds to support its operations.

While certain measures have been relaxed in certain parts of the world as increasing numbers of people have received COVID-19 vaccines, others have remained in place with some areas continuing to experience renewed outbreaks and surges in infection rates. The extent to which such measures are removed or new measures are put in place will depend upon how the pandemic evolves, as well as the distribution of available vaccines, the rates at which they are administered and the emergence of new variants of the virus. The Company is following, and will continue to follow, recommendations from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as well as federal, state, and local governments regarding working-from-home practices for non-essential employees as well as return-to-work policies and procedures. The Company expects to continue to take actions as may be required or recommended by government authorities or as the Company determines are in the best interests of its employees and other business partners in light of the pandemic.

The surge of the COVID-19 Omicron variant, which began around the same time that the Company’s Phase 1/2 clinical trial of nula-cel initially opened for enrollment, impacted trial enrollment and site operations, including resourcing and staffing, resulting in a delay in timelines to anticipated data. In particular, the treatment of the first patient in the Phase 1/2 clinical trial was delayed due to a prospective participant becoming infected with COVID-19. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Company’s financial performance will depend on future developments, including the duration and spread of the pandemic, including new variants of the virus, its impact on the Company’s clinical trial enrollment, trial sites, contract research organizations (“CROs”), contract manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”), and other third parties with whom it does business, its impact on regulatory authorities and the Company’s key scientific and management personnel, progress of vaccination and related governmental advisories and restrictions. These developments and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the financial markets and the overall economy are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. If the financial markets or the overall economy are impacted for an extended period, the Company’s business may be materially adversely affected.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).

Certain amounts in accrued expenses reported in the Company's prior year condensed statement of cash flows have been reclassified as accrued research costs to conform to the current year presentation.

Unaudited Interim Condensed Financial Statements

The interim condensed balance sheet as of June 30, 2022 and the condensed statements of operations and comprehensive loss and redeemable convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ equity (deficit) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 and the condensed statements of cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 are unaudited. The unaudited interim condensed financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the annual financial statements and reflect, in the opinion of management, all adjustments of a normal and recurring nature that are necessary for the fair statement of the Company’s financial position as of June 30, 2022 and its results of operations and cash flows for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021. The financial data and the other financial information disclosed in these notes to the financial statements related to the three and six month periods are also unaudited. The results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2022 or for any other future annual or interim period. The condensed balance sheet as of December 31, 2021 included herein was derived from the audited financial statements as of that date. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted from these interim financial statements. These condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company's audited financial statements and the related notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2021, which are included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC.

Significant Accounting Policies

The significant accounting policies used in preparation of these condensed financial statements for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 are consistent with those discussed in Note 2 to the condensed financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, except as noted below and within the "Adopted and Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements" section.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of condensed financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed financial statements, and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates estimates and assumptions, including but not limited to those related to the fair value of the marketable securities, the fair value of redeemable convertible preferred stock and common stock, stock-based compensation expense, accruals for research and development costs, lease assets and liabilities, the valuation of deferred tax assets, and uncertain income tax positions. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ materially from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with a maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, cash and cash equivalents consisted of cash, money market funds, and commercial paper.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash of $1,716 as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 represented security deposits in the form of letters of credit issued in connection with the leases of the Company’s headquarters (Notes 6 and 8).

Marketable Securities

The Company’s marketable securities are accounted for as available-for-sale and recorded at fair value with the related unrealized gains and losses included in accumulated other comprehensive gain (loss).

The Company reviews its investment portfolio to identify and evaluate investments that have an indication of possible other-than-temporary impairment. Factors considered in determining whether a loss is other-than-temporary include the length of time and extent to which fair value has been less than the cost basis, the financial condition and near-term prospects of the investee and the Company’s intent and ability to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in market value.

Operating Leases

The Company accounts for its operating leases by recording right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on the Company’s condensed balance sheets in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 842, “Leases” (“ASC 842”). Right-of-use assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset over the lease term and include any lease payments made prior to the lease commencement date and are reduced by lease incentives. Lease liabilities represent the present value of the total lease payments over the lease term, calculated using the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. The incremental borrowing rate is determined by using the rate of interest that the Company would pay to borrow on a collateralized basis an amount equal to the lease payments for a similar term and in a similar economic environment. The Company recognizes options to extend a lease when it is reasonably certain that it will exercise such extension. The Company does not recognize options to terminate a lease when it is reasonably certain that it will not exercise such early termination options. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the expected lease term.

Adopted and Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

The Company is an emerging growth company, as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”). Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay the adoption of new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until such time as those standards apply to private companies. Thus, the Company has elected to use the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date that (i) the Company is no longer an emerging growth company or (ii) the Company affirmatively and irrevocably opts out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. However as described below, the Company early adopted certain accounting standards, as the JOBS Act does not preclude an emerging growth company from adopting a new or revised accounting standard earlier than the time that such standard applies to private companies to the extent early adoption is permitted.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Credit Losses. The FASB also issued amendments and the initial ASU, and all updates are included herein as the Credit Losses standard or Topic 326. The new standard updates the guidance for measuring and

recording credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost by replacing the “incurred loss” model with an “expected loss” model. As a result of adoption, the Company would present these financial assets, which includes available-for-sale debt securities, at the net amount it expects to collect. The amendment also requires that the Company records credit losses related to its available-for-sale debt securities as an allowance through net income rather than reducing the carrying amount under the historical, other-than-temporary-impairment model. With certain exceptions, the guidance is applied using a modified retrospective approach by reflecting adjustments through a cumulative-effect impact to retained earnings as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. The Company early adopted the new standard under the modified retrospective approach as of January 1, 2022 with no material impact on its condensed financial statements.

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity (ASU 2020-06), which simplifies the accounting for convertible instruments by reducing the number of accounting models available for convertible debt instruments. This guidance also eliminates the treasury stock method to calculate diluted earnings per share for convertible instruments and requires the use of the if-converted method. The Company adopted this standard as of January 1, 2022 utilizing the modified retrospective method. The Company does not have any convertible instruments as of June 30, 2022 and the adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on its condensed financial statements.

3. Fair Value Measurements

Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis in the condensed balance sheets, as well as assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis or disclosed at fair value, are categorized based upon the level of judgment associated with inputs used to measure their fair values. The accounting guidance for fair value provides a framework for measuring fair value and requires certain disclosures about how fair value is determined. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received upon the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the reporting date.

The accounting guidance also establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value based upon whether such inputs are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect market assumptions made by the reporting entity. The three-level hierarchy for the inputs to valuation techniques is briefly summarized as follows:

Level 1 — Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date;

Level 2 — Inputs are observable, unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, unadjusted quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the related assets or liabilities; and

Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities that are supported by little or no market data.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. An assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires management to make judgments and consider factors specific to the asset or liability. Changes in the ability to observe valuation inputs may result in a reclassification of levels of certain securities within the fair value hierarchy. The Company recognizes transfers into and out of levels within the fair value hierarchy in the period in which the actual event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer occurs.

As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, Level 1 securities consist of U.S. Treasury and money market funds, for which the carrying amounts are based on the quoted market prices in active markets.

As of June 30, 2022, Level 2 securities consist of highly rated commercial paper, for which fair value is determined through the use of models or other valuation methodologies. As of June 30, 2022, the Company had an immaterial amount of unrealized gains on its Level 2 securities.

During the periods presented, the Company did not have any Level 3 securities.

The following tables set forth the financial instruments that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (in thousands):


	June 30, 2022
	Total Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets:
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds (1)	$	44,212	$	44,212	$	—	$	—
Commercial paper (1)		30,959		—		30,959		—
Total cash equivalents		75,171		44,212		30,959		—
Marketable securities:
U.S. treasuries(2)		253,109		253,109		—		—
Total financial assets	$	328,280	$	297,321	$	30,959	$	—


	December 31, 2021
	Total Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets:
Money market funds (1)	$	376,976	$	376,976	$	—	$	—

(1)

Included within cash and cash equivalents on the condensed balance sheet.

(2)

Included within investments in marketable securities, current and investments in marketable securities, non-current on the condensed balance sheet.

4. Marketable Securities

All marketable securities were considered available-for-sale as of June 30, 2022. The amortized cost, gross unrealized holding gains or losses, and fair value of the Company’s marketable securities by major security type are summarized in the table below (in thousands):


	June 30, 2022
	Amortized Cost Basis		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
Available-for-sale securities
U.S. treasuries classified as marketable securities	$	254,129	$	—	$	(1,020	)	$	253,109
Total available-for-sale securities	$	254,129	$	—	$	(1,020	)	$	253,109

The amortized cost of available-for-sale securities is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity. As of June 30, 2022, the aggregate fair value of securities with remaining maturities of less than one year held by the Company in an unrealized loss position was $247.1 million. The aggregate fair value of securities with remaining maturities of more than one year held by the Company in an unrealized loss position was $6.0 million. The Company has the intent and ability to hold such securities until recovery and has determined that there has been no material change to its credit risk. As a result, the Company determined it did not hold any investments with a credit loss at June 30, 2022.

There were no realized gains or losses recognized on the sale or maturity of available-for-sale securities during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, and as a result, there were no reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive gain (loss) for the same periods.

The Company did not hold any marketable securities as of December 31, 2021.

5. Balance Sheet Components

Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 consisted of the following (in thousands):


	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Advances to suppliers	$	1,681	$	1,834
Prepaid insurance		181		1,543
Other prepaid expenses		2,490		1,383
Total prepaid expenses and other current assets	$	4,352	$	4,760

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 consisted of the following (in thousands):


	June 30, 2022			December 31, 2021
Furniture and fixtures	$	246		$	3
Computers and network equipment		162			108
Lab equipment		10,944			6,680
Leasehold improvements		233			94
Construction in progress		755			477
Total property and equipment		12,340			7,362
Less: accumulated depreciation		(1,873	)		(855	)
Total property and equipment, net	$	10,467		$	6,507

Depreciation expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 was $0.6 million and $1.0 million, respectively. Depreciation expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 was $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively.

Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 consisted of the following (in thousands):


	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Professional fees	$	461	$	186
Early exercise liability		242		337
Other accrued expenses		179		363
Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities	$	882	$	886

6. Significant Agreements

Stanford Exclusive License Agreement and Option Agreement

In December 2020, the Company entered into an exclusive license agreement (the “License Agreement”), with The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University (Stanford), pursuant to which Stanford granted the Company a worldwide license to specified technology and patent rights to develop, manufacture and commercialize human prophylactic and therapeutic products. Other than with respect to specified, broadly applicable assays and procedures and subject to retained rights by Stanford, the license is exclusive with respect to human prophylactic and therapeutic products for the treatment of SCD, XSCID and beta thalassemia. The license is non-exclusive with respect to those broadly applicable assays and procedures and with respect to all human prophylactic and therapeutic products other than for the treatment of SCD, XSCID and beta thalassemia.

Pursuant to the License Agreement, the Company paid an upfront license fee of $50.0 thousand and as additional consideration for the license, the Company agreed to issue to Stanford approximately 0.6 million shares of common stock. As of December 31, 2020, the Company recorded its obligations to issue Stanford shares of common stock at an estimated fair value of $2.8 million to additional paid in capital. The shares of common stock were expected to be issued when Stanford provided the inventors’ names for allocation of the shares. Stanford also received an option to purchase up to 10% of newly issued shares in the future private financings at the price paid by other participating investors. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company entered into an amendment to the License Agreement, pursuant to which it extended the time when the shares would be issued to May 7, 2021.

On May 7, 2021, the Company issued an aggregate of 640,861 shares of the Company’s common stock to Stanford and certain individuals designated by Stanford in consideration for rights granted to the Company under the Company’s exclusive license agreement.

On June 18, 2021, the Company exercised its right to repurchase an aggregate of 624,845 shares from each founder and investor under the Stanford Adjustment Repurchase Right as described below.

The acquisition of the exclusive license, including patent rights and know-how, and clinical supplies was accounted for as an asset acquisition and as the acquired technology and inventories did not have an alternative use, the total consideration of $2.8 million was

recorded as research and development expense in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2020.

In connection with the License Agreement, the Company reimbursed Stanford $0.2 million for previously incurred patent costs, which were recorded in general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2020 and in addition, is obligated to reimburse future patent costs. The Company is also obligated to pay annual maintenance fees as follows: $5.0 thousand in the first year, $10.0 thousand in each year 2 and 3, $25.0 thousand in each year 3 through 6, $50.0 thousand each subsequent year until first commercial sale and $200.0 thousand each subsequent year after the first commercial sale.

The Company is obligated to make future development and regulatory milestone payments in total of up to $5.3 million, sales based milestone payments of up to $7.5 million and royalties on future sales at percentage rates ranging in the low single digits. In addition, if the Company receives any sublicense income, it is required to share it with Stanford as a certain percentage defined for each milestone in the License Agreement. The Company will record the maintenance fees, when payable, and will record milestones when contingencies are resolved, and milestones are due. No milestones were achieved and recorded as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

In January 2021, the Company entered into an option agreement (the “First Option Agreement”), with Stanford, pursuant to which Stanford granted the Company the right to obtain a license to specified patent rights relating to human prophylactic and therapeutic products. The Company may exercise the option in whole or in part to obtain a license under one or more of the optioned patent rights.

Subject to the Company’s exercise of the option under the First Option Agreement and its execution of an amendment to the License Agreement that incorporates the optioned patent rights and any optioned technology, the Company has agreed to issue to Stanford 132,137 shares of its common stock and pay a license execution fee of $10.0 thousand.

The term of the First Option Agreement expires 18 months after its effective date, subject to the Company’s right to extend such expiration date by up to an additional one year upon notice to Stanford and by another additional one year upon the reasonable agreement of Stanford. The First Option Agreement will terminate if the License Agreement terminates. On June 23, 2022, the Company exercised its right to extend the term of the First Option Agreement for an additional year. As of June 30, 2022, the Company had not exercised the option under the First Option Agreement and no fees have been paid for the First Option Agreement.

In April 2021, the Company entered into an option agreement (the “Second Option Agreement”) with Stanford to negotiate the license for additional technologies from Stanford. Pursuant to the Second Option Agreement, the Company agreed to pay Stanford option fees in an aggregate amount of $30.0 thousand over the term of the option. On April 13, 2022, the Company entered into an amendment to the Second Option Agreement which extended the term for an additional year and the maintenance fee of $10.0 thousand was paid in the three and six months ended June 30, 2022. As of June 30, 2022, the Company had not exercised the option under the Second Option Agreement and no fees have been paid for the Second Option Agreement.

LCGM Service Agreement

On August 30, 2021, the Company entered into a Master Manufacturing and Service Agreement with the Laboratory for Cell & Gene Medicine at Stanford (“LCGM MSA”). Pursuant to the LCGM MSA, LCGM will conduct clinical manufacturing, release testing, and product release for nula-cel in the Company’s Phase 1 clinical trial to treat SCD. During 2021, the Company entered into various SOWs under the LCGM MSA under which it received technology transfer and related services for HBB Beta-Globin Gene Variant for SCD, manufacturing engineer test runs, the exclusive use of a manufacturing suite at the LCGM facility, and Phase 1/2 clinical development and manufacturing of the HBB Variant for SCD. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company has recognized $1.3 and $2.8 million, respectively, in research and development expense in connection with the LCGM MSA.

IDT License Agreement

On June 7, 2021, the Company entered into a License Agreement (“IDT License Agreement”) with Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc. (“IDT”). Pursuant to the IDT License Agreement, IDT granted the Company and its affiliates a worldwide, non-exclusive, sublicensable license to research and develop products incorporating HiFi Cas9 protein variants for use in human therapeutic applications for SCD, XSCID and Gaucher disease (the “Field”) and a worldwide, exclusive, sublicensable license to commercialize such products in the Field. The Company has also been granted the right to expand the licensed Field to include human therapeutic applications in the additional fields of beta thalassemia disorder and lysosomal storage disorders upon the payment of an exercise fee in the amount of $0.5 million per additional field or $1.0 million for both additional fields.

In consideration of the licenses and rights granted to the Company under the IDT License Agreement, the Company agreed to pay to IDT an upfront payment in the amount of $3.0 million and up to $5.3 million (or $8.8 million if the Company elects to expand the Field as described above to include both the beta thalassemia and lysosomal storage disorders fields) in total regulatory milestone payments. Each regulatory milestone payment is payable once on an indication-by-indication basis. In addition, the Company has agreed to pay IDT a low single-digit royalty on the net sales of products, subject to reductions in specified circumstances. As the acquisition of the license was accounted for as an asset acquisition and as the acquired technology did not have an alternative use, the total consideration of $3.0 million was recorded as research and development expense in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss during the year ended December 31, 2021.

The IDT License Agreement remains in effect on a country-by-country and product-by-product basis until the expiration of the royalty term for such product in such jurisdiction. The Company and IDT each have the right to terminate the IDT License Agreement for the other party’s material breach of its obligations under the IDT License Agreement, subject to specified rights to cure. Additionally, the Company may terminate the IDT License Agreement for any reason upon written notice.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company has not recognized any research and development expense in connection with the IDT License Agreement. There are no milestones probable as of June 30, 2022; therefore, no milestone payments have been recognized in the three and six months ended June 30, 2022.

Bayside Lease

On December 16, 2021, the Company entered into a lease agreement with Bayside Area Development, LLC (“Bayside”) for 85,165 square feet of office and laboratory space at 233 E Grand Avenue, South San Francisco (the “Bayside Lease Agreement”). Pursuant to the Bayside Lease Agreement, the Company is expected to commence the lease on or before September 15, 2023 with a total term of 120 months. Future minimum lease payments under the Bayside Lease Agreement total $81.0 million, which does not include lease payments related to the Company’s one-time option to extend for an additional ten years.

As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company posted a security deposit in the amount of $1.6 million in the form of a letter of credit in connection with the Bayside Lease Agreement, which is classified as restricted cash, non-current on the condensed balance sheet.

As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, there was no right-of-use asset or lease liability recorded on the condensed balance sheet for the Bayside Lease Agreement as the Company has not yet obtained possession of the space and as the lease has not yet commenced.

7. Commitments and Contingencies

Research and Development Agreements

The Company enters into contracts in the normal course of business with CROs for clinical trials, with CMOs or other vendors for preclinical studies, supplies and other services and products for operating purposes. These contracts generally provide for termination on notice or may have a potential termination fee if a purchase order is cancelled within a specified time. As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, there were no amounts accrued related to termination and cancellation charges as the Company has not determined cancellation to be probable.

License Agreements

The Company enters into license agreements (Note 6), pursuant to which the Company may acquire or license other patents, patent applications or know-how from various third parties to access intellectual property covering product candidates that the Company is developing. Under these acquisitions or licensing agreements, the Company may be liable for certain diligence obligations and payments, which are contingent upon achieving various development, regulatory and commercial milestones. Also, pursuant to the terms of some of these license agreements, when and if commercial sales of a product commence, the Company may be obligated to pay royalties to such third parties on net sales of the respective products. No such milestones were achieved or probable as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021. All products are in development as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 and no such royalties were due.

Legal Contingencies

From time to time, the Company may become involved in legal proceedings arising from the ordinary course of business. The Company records a liability for such matters when it is probable that future losses will be incurred and that such losses can be reasonably estimated. Significant judgment by the Company is required to determine both probability and the estimated amount. Management is

currently not aware of any legal matters that could have a material adverse effect on its financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Guarantees and Indemnifications

In the normal course of business, the Company enters into agreements that contain a variety of representations and provide for general indemnification. Its exposure under these agreements is unknown because it involves claims that may be made against the Company in the future. To the extent permitted under Delaware law, the Company has agreed to indemnify its directors and officers for certain events or occurrences while the director or officer is, or was serving, at a request in such capacity. To date, the Company has not paid any claims or been required to defend any action related to its indemnification obligations. As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company did not have any material indemnification claims that were probable or reasonably possible and consequently has not recorded related liabilities.

8. Operating Leases

Facility lease

In April 2020, the Company entered into a one-year lease agreement for its headquarter facility located in South San Francisco, California with a significant portion of the premises allocated to the research lab. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of the entire facility was temporarily designated to research, and as such, all associated costs were expensed as research and development. In addition to payment of base rent, the Company is also required to pay property taxes, insurance, and common area expenses. The Company records lease expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. The original term of the lease was from May 11, 2020 to June 30, 2021 with an option to renew. In March 2021, the Company entered into an amendment to the lease agreement and extended the term of the lease to September 30, 2021. The lease expired without further renewal and was terminated on September 30, 2021.

On January 27, 2021, the Company entered into a new lease agreement for office and lab space in South San Francisco, California that included two office suites. The lease terms for the two office suites commenced during July and August 2021, respectively. The term of the lease is 44 months for the first office suite and 43 months for the second office suite with an option to extend the term for an additional two years on the same terms and conditions. This option to extend the lease term was not determined to be reasonably certain and therefore has not been included in the Company’s calculation of the associated operating lease liability under ASC 842. The corresponding right-of-use assets and lease liabilities related to the two office suites were recorded on the Company’s balance sheet upon the lease commencement date, which was the date the Company was deemed to have obtained control of the premises.

On November 10, 2021, the Company entered a sublease agreement for office and lab space located in Brisbane, California. The sublease expires on December 6, 2023. The corresponding right-of-use assets and lease liabilities related to the sublease were recorded on the Company’s balance sheet upon the lease commencement date, which was the date the Company was deemed to have obtained control of the premises.

As of January 1, 2021, the Company did not have any operating leases with terms greater than twelve months and accordingly, did not have any right-of-use assets recorded on its condensed balance sheet. As of June 30, 2022, the Company had operating lease right-of-use assets of $5.5 million and operating lease liabilities of $5.9 million related to the office suite leases recorded on its condensed balance sheet.

Embedded leases

On May 10, 2021 and August 30, 2021, the Company and LCGM entered into the LCGM MSA and SOW #3, respectively, for the exclusive use of a manufacturing suite at the LCGM facility. Pursuant to the terms of SOW #3, LCGM agreed to provide the Company with certain dedicated space for the clinical manufacturing, release testing, and product release in the Company’s Phase 1 clinical trial to treat Sickle Cell Disease. The Company concluded that the agreement contains an embedded lease as the Company controls the use of a dedicated manufacturing suite and the equipment therein. The agreement includes fixed lease payments of $5.6 million through April 30, 2023, the expiration date of SOW #3.

The Company and Explora BioLabs, Inc. (“Explora”) entered into a License Service Agreement and Master Services Agreement (together, the “Explora Agreements”) on November 17, 2021 and December 16, 2021, respectively. Pursuant to the terms of the Explora Agreements, Explora agreed to provide a certain dedicated space to perform in vitro or in vivo studies, obtain or house research animals, and provide scientific or technical consultation to the Company. The Company concluded that the agreement contains an embedded lease as the Company controls the use of a dedicated manufacturing suite and the equipment therein. The Explora Agreements contain fixed lease payments of $0.7 million through November 2023.

As of June 30, 2022, the current and non-current portions of the total liability for operating leases was $4.9 million and $3.3 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2022, the weighted average remaining lease term on the operating lease is 23 months. The weighted average incremental borrowing rate used to determine the operating lease liabilities included on the condensed balance sheet was 8.4%.

Operating Lease Obligations

As of June 30, 2022, the future minimum lease payments for the Company’s operating leases for each of the years ending December 31 were as follows (in thousands):


	Amount
2022 (Remaining six months)	$	2,679
2023		4,332
2024		1,468
2025		375
2026		—
Thereafter		—
Total undiscounted lease payments		8,854
Present value adjustment		(666	)
Total net lease liabilities	$	8,188

Lease expense was $1.6 and $3.3 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively.

Under the terms of the remaining lease agreements, the Company is also responsible for certain variable lease payments that are not included in the measurement of the lease liability. Variable lease payments for operating leases were $0.4 and $0.7 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively, including non-lease components such as common area maintenance fees, taxes, and insurance.

The following information represents supplemental disclosure for the statement of cash flows related to the operating leases (in thousands):


	June 30, 2022
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows under operating leases	$	2,486

9. Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock

In June 2021, immediately prior to the completion of the Company’s IPO (Note 1), all outstanding shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock were automatically converted into 30,761,676 shares of common stock. Upon conversion into common stock, the carrying value of the redeemable convertible preferred stock of $260.5 million was reclassified to equity.

Series A Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock

In June 2020, the Company issued 10,000,000 shares of its Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock at a price of $1.00 per share for gross cash proceeds of $10.0 million and issued 5,019,949 shares of its Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock upon the conversion of the outstanding convertible note and accrued interest.

In connection with the initial issuance of the shares of its Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock, the Company had an obligation to sell and the holders had the obligation to purchase the additional 30,000,000 shares of Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock at $1.00 per share upon the achievement of certain milestones as determined by the Board and approved by at least one of the investors, or upon the waiver of such milestones by the holders of at least 75% of the outstanding shares of Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock, in two equal tranches of $15.0 million each. The Company determined that the obligation to sell additional shares is a freestanding financing instrument and a liability. The Company estimated the fair value of the liability to be $3.3 million and recorded it as a reduction to redeemable convertible preferred stock and as a derivative redeemable convertible preferred stock tranche liability in its balance sheet at the issuance date.

In December 2020, the requisite holders waived the second tranche milestone event and the Company issued 15,000,000 shares of its Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock for gross cash proceeds of $15.0 million. The redeemable convertible preferred stock tranche liability related to the second tranche shares was remeasured to fair value of $29.1 million and reclassified to redeemable convertible preferred shares upon the settlement.

In connection with the issuance of Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock, in the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company incurred issuance costs of $0.2 million. As of December 31, 2020, the redeemable convertible preferred stock tranche liability related to the third tranche shares was remeasured at fair value of $29.1 million and continued to be reported in current liabilities.

The Company settled the third tranche in February 2021 and issued 15,000,000 shares of its Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock for gross cash proceeds of $15.0 million. The Company recognized a total of $54.8 million as other loss in the statements

of operations and comprehensive loss related to the changes in the fair value of the redeemable convertible preferred stock tranche liabilities during the year ended December 31, 2020.

Prior to the closing of the third tranche of the Series A preferred stock financing in February 2021, the remaining tranche liability was remeasured at a fair value of $39.4 million. The Company recognized a loss of $10.3 million in the condensed statements of operations and comprehensive loss related to the change in the fair value of the redeemable convertible preferred stock tranche liability during the six months ended June 30, 2021.

In connection with the closing of the third tranche of Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock, during the six months ended June 30, 2021, the Company incurred issuance costs of $4.0 thousand.

Series B Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock

In March 2021, the Company issued 29,792,487 shares of the Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock at $5.06 per share for gross cash proceeds of $150.7 million. The Company incurred issuance costs of $0.2 million.

10. Common Stock

As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company was authorized to issue 300,000,000 shares of its common stock with $0.00001 par value per share. Each share of the Company’s common stock is entitled to one vote. In connection with the IPO in June 2021, all outstanding shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock were converted into 30,761,676 shares of common stock. The IPO closed on June 29, 2021, pursuant to which the Company issued and sold 14,000,000 shares of its common stock at a public offering price of $17.00 per share.

On June 29, 2021, the underwriters also exercised their option to purchase an additional 2,100,000 shares of common stock at the IPO price, less the underwriting discounts and commissions. The closing of the offering of the additional shares occurred on July 2, 2021. The Company issued and sold 2,100,000 shares of its common stock at a public offering price of $17.00 per share.

Shares Reserved for Future Issuance

As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company reserved common stock for future issuances as follows:


	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Outstanding stock option awards		7,661,716		5,056,743
Shares available for future stock option grants		5,171,735		4,454,004
ESPP shares available for future grants		880,969		524,106
Total shares reserved for future issuance		13,714,420		10,034,853

Founders’ and Investor’s Restricted Common Stock

In March 2020, the Board approved and in April 2020, the Company issued 6,081,413 shares of its common stock to its founders and 2,467,104 shares of its common stock to its investor at the purchase price of $0.00002 per share. As of December 31, 2020, the investor’s shares were fully vested and a portion of the shares issued were subject to the Company’s option to repurchase per the Stanford Adjustment Repurchase Right, as described below.

The shares of the Company’s common stock issued to its founders for their services as an employee, advisor, or consultant vest monthly over four years with one year cliff from the vesting commencement date. The vesting commencement date was the date of the initial closing of the Series A preferred stock financing or June 24, 2020. Pursuant to the restricted stock purchase agreements with each of the founders, the vesting of the founders’ common stock shares could be accelerated upon the occurrence of certain events, including signing of the term sheet for the license with Stanford, a change in control, or if the founder’s service is terminated by the Company without cause. The Company signed the term sheet with Stanford in June 2020, and as a result, an aggregate of 912,212 shares of founders’ common stock vested pursuant to the acceleration terms.

If a founder terminates the service relationship with the Company during the vesting period, the Company may repurchase any unvested restricted common stock at the price per share equal to the lower of (i) the original purchase price, subject to adjustment in the event of any reorganization, recapitalization, reclassification, stock dividend, stock split, reverse stock split, or (ii) the current fair market value as of the date the Company elects to exercise its Stanford Adjustment Repurchase Right, as described below. The repurchase right lapses in 180 days after the termination of the founder’s service or employment. During the vesting term, holders of founders’ common stock awards are deemed to be common stockholders and have the right to receive dividends and voting rights.

The founders’ shares of common stock are also subject to the Company’s option to repurchase per the Stanford Adjustment Repurchase Right, as described below.

The Company accounts for shares issued to founders as equity compensation awards and the estimated fair value at the grant date was minimal. 2,584,588 and 3,230,746 shares of founders’ common stock awards were unvested and expected to vest in 2.0 years and 2.5 years as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

Stanford Adjustment Repurchase Right

Upon the issuance of shares of common stock to Stanford pursuant to the License Agreement, as discussed in Note 6, the Company has a right to repurchase from each founder and an investor a number of shares of common stock equal to the number of shares issued to Stanford multiplied by the applicable number of shares issued to the founder or investor, as applicable, divided by 7,273,848 shares (a fully diluted number of shares of the Company at the end of March 2020, after founders and the investor’s shares were approved by the board of directors). The Stanford Adjustment Repurchase Right may be exercised by the Company within six months following the date of the issuance of the shares of common stock to Stanford. The repurchase price per share is equal to the lower of (i) the purchase price, subject to adjustment in the event of any reorganization, recapitalization, reclassification, etc., or (ii) the current fair market value as of the date the Company elects to exercise its Stanford Adjustment Repurchase Right.

On June 18, 2021, the Company exercised its right to repurchase an aggregate of 624,845 shares from each founder and investor under the Stanford Adjustment Repurchase Right. As of June 30, 2022, the Company has not exercised the right to repurchase the remaining 16,016 shares.

The Company accounts for the founders and investor’s shares of restricted common stock as equity share-based awards.

11. Equity Incentive Plans

2020 Stock Option and Grant Plan

Prior to the effectiveness of the registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-256838) for its IPO, the Company granted share-based awards under the 2020 Stock Option and Grant Plan, as amended (the “2020 Plan”). The Company was authorized to grant under the 2020 Plan incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and other share-based awards to the Company’s officers, employees, directors and consultants. Options under the 2020 Plan could be granted for periods of up to 10 years and at prices no less than 100.0% of the estimated fair value of the shares on the date of grant as determined by the Board, provided, however, that the exercise price of an incentive stock option granted to a 10.0% stockholder shall not be less than 110.0% of the estimated fair value of the shares on the date of grant and the option is not exercisable after the expiration of five years from the date of grant. Options generally vest monthly over four years with or without one year cliff vesting. Per the 2020 Plan, granted options may be early exercised prior to vesting and the Company will issue shares of restricted stock upon the early exercise with vesting terms consistent with the original grant. Upon completion of the Company’s IPO, the remaining shares available for issuance under the 2020 Plan were retired, and the Company no longer grants awards pursuant to the 2020 Plan.

2021 Stock Option and Grant Plan

In June 2021, the Company’s Board of Directors approved the 2021 Stock Option and Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”) that became effective immediately prior to the date when the Company’s prospectus was declared effective by the SEC on June 24, 2021. The Company initially reserved 5,636,000 shares of common stock for issuance of awards under the 2021 Plan. The 2021 Plan provides that the number of shares reserved and available for issuance under the plan will automatically increase each January 1, beginning on January 1, 2022, by 5% of the outstanding number of shares of the Company’s common stock on the immediately preceding December 31, or such lesser number of shares as determined by the Company’s compensation committee. On January 1, 2022, the number of shares of common stock available under the 2021 Plan increased by 2,900,541 shares pursuant to this evergreen provision of the 2021 Plan. The option exercise price of each option will be determined by the Company’s compensation committee but generally may not be less than 100% of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. The term of each option will be fixed by the Company’s compensation committee and may not exceed ten years from the date of grant. The grant date fair value of all awards made under the 2021 Plan and all other cash compensation paid by the Company to any non-employee director for services as a non-employee director in any calendar year may not exceed $1.0 million for the first year of service and $750.0 thousand for each year of service thereafter.

As of June 30, 2022, there were 5,171,735 shares available for future issuance under the 2021 Plan.

Restricted Stock Awards

In 2020, the Company issued 832,983 shares of common stock as restricted stock awards under the 2020 Plan. The purchase price of the restricted common stock awards was fair value as determined by the Board at the issuance date. The shares vest monthly over four years with the one-year cliff vesting from the grant date. Upon termination of employment, the Company has the right to repurchase any unvested restricted shares. The repurchase price for unvested shares of common stock will be the lower of (i) the fair market value on the date of repurchase or (ii) their original purchase price. There were no grants of restricted stock awards for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021.

The Company accounted for restricted stock awards as early exercised options and recognized a liability in other liabilities when cash was received for the purchase of shares of restricted stock awards. As shares of restricted stock awards vest, the Company reclassified the liability to common stock and additional paid in capital. At June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company recorded a minimal liability for restricted stock awards included in other liabilities.

No restricted stock award shares were cancelled or repurchased as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021. There were 450,090 and 345,966 shares of restricted stock vested as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In June 2021, the Company’s board of directors and stockholders approved the 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2021 ESPP”) which became effective upon the IPO. The 2021 ESPP is intended to qualify as an employee stock purchase plan under Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and is administered by the Company’s board of directors and the Compensation Committee of the board of directors. Under the 2021 ESPP, 564,000 shares of the Company’s common stock were initially reserved for employee purchases of the Company’s common stock. The 2021 ESPP allows eligible employees to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at a discount through payroll deductions of up to 15% of their eligible compensation. At the end of each offering period, employees are able to purchase shares at 85% of the lower of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock at the beginning of the offering period or at the end of each applicable purchase period. The first purchase period commenced upon the completion of the Company’s IPO ended on November 30, 2021 and the second purchase period commenced on December 1, 2021 and ended on May 31, 2022. The third purchase period commenced on June 1, 2022 and will end on November 30, 2022. The Company recorded $0.1 million in accrued liabilities as of June 30, 2022.

Effective January 1, 2022, the number of shares of common stock available under the 2021 Plan increased by 564,000 shares pursuant to the evergreen provision of the 2021 ESPP.


	Three Months Ended June 30,			Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022			2022
Expected volatility		73.00	%	73.00% - 74.00%
Expected dividend yield		0	%		0	%
Expected term (in years)	0.5			0.5
Risk-free interest rate		1.63	%	0.10% - 1.63%

Incentive Stock Options and Nonqualified Stock Options

Stock options issued under the 2020 Plan generally vest over a four-year period and expire ten years from the date of grant. Certain options provide for accelerated vesting if there is a change in control, as defined in the individual award agreements.

The Company used the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate stock-based compensation expense for stock option awards granted during the periods presented, with the following assumptions.


	Three Months Ended June 30,			Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022			2022
Expected volatility		74.00	%		74.00	%
Expected dividend yield		0	%		0	%
Expected term (in years)	6.01			5.97-6.01
Risk-free interest rate	2.53%-3.39%			1.91%-3.39%

A summary of option activity under the 2020 Plan and the 2021 Plan during the six months ended June 30, 2022 is as follows:


	Number of Options			Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share		Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2021		5,056,743		$	8.77		9.2	$	18,503
Options granted - 2021 Plan		2,810,502		$	8.70
Options exercised		(43,945	)	$	0.30
Options cancelled		(161,584	)	$	6.24
Outstanding as of June 30, 2022		7,661,716		$	8.85		8.9	$	608,949
Exercisable		1,481,036		$	7.37		8.2	$	321,482
Vested and expected to vest as of June 30, 2022		7,661,716		$	8.85		8.9	$	608,949

Aggregate intrinsic value represents the difference between the fair value of the underlying common stock and the exercise price as of June 30, 2022. The weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 was $2.86 and $5.70 per share, respectively. There were 43,945 stock options exercised during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022.

The total fair value of stock options vested during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 was $4.9 and $6.7 million, respectively.

The Company granted 2,478,602 and 5,367,984 options during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively. 3,383 and 922,208 options were exercised during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021. The total fair value of stock options vested during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 was $0.1 million and $1.3 million, respectively.

Early Exercise of Stock Options

The terms of the 2020 Plan permit the exercise of options granted prior to vesting, subject to required approvals. The unvested shares are subject to the repurchase right upon termination of employment at the original purchase price. The repurchase right lapses in 180 days after the termination of the employee’s employment. Shares purchased by employees pursuant to the early exercise of stock options are not deemed, for accounting purposes, to be issued until those shares vest according to their respective vesting schedules. Cash received for early exercised stock options is recorded as other liabilities on the condensed balance sheet and is reclassified to common stock and additional paid-in capital as such shares vest. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company repurchased 50,713 shares that were previously early exercised.

As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, 806,636 shares and 1,195,631 shares, respectively, remained subject to the right of repurchase as a result of the early exercised stock options. The remaining liability related to early exercised shares as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 was $0.2 million and $0.3 million, respectively, and was recorded within accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Company’s condensed balance sheets.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

The following table presents the components of stock-based compensation expense for the Company’s stock-based awards for the periods presented (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Restricted stock awards and founders’ common stock awards	$	2	$	1	$	4	$	1
ESPP		112		6		258		6
Stock options		3,246		2,011		6,440		3,044
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	3,360	$	2,018	$	6,702	$	3,051

The above stock-based compensation expense also includes the expenses of $0.2 and $0.3 million related to stock options issued to the non-employees during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively. There was $0.1 million stock-based compensation expense for options issued to non-employees during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022.

The following table presents the classification of stock-based compensation expense for the Company’s stock-based awards for the periods presented (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Research and development expenses	$	1,259	$	614	$	2,632	$	811
General and administrative expenses		2,101		1,404		4,070		2,240
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	3,360	$	2,018	$	6,702	$	3,051

As of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 there was $39.0 million and $30.5 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to the employee and non-employee awards, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.0 years and 3.3 years, respectively.

12. Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, which excludes shares which are legally outstanding, but subject to repurchase by the Company (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):


	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022			2021			2022			2021
Numerator:
Net loss	$	(25,936	)	$	(17,529	)	$	(51,771	)	$	(37,238	)
Denominator:
Weighted-average common shares outstanding		58,056,643			12,482,522			58,033,859			11,781,319
Less: weighted-average unvested restricted shares and shares subject to repurchase		(3,483,777	)		(7,395,514	)		(3,749,023	)		(7,375,962	)
Weighted-average shares used to compute basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders		54,572,866			5,087,008			54,284,836			4,405,357
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders — basic and diluted:	$	(0.48	)	$	(3.45	)	$	(0.95	)	$	(8.45	)

Anti-dilutive Outstanding Shares or Equivalents


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Options to purchase common stock		7,661,716		4,752,515		7,661,716		4,752,515
Common stock subject to vesting or repurchase		3,774,117		5,560,465		3,774,117		5,560,465
Employee Stock Purchase Plan shares		142,525		31,850		142,525		31,850
Total		11,578,358		10,344,830		11,578,358		10,344,830

13. Income Taxes

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded a full valuation allowance on federal and state deferred tax assets since management does not forecast the Company to be in a taxable position in the near future.

14. Subsequent Events

On July 21, 2022, the Company filed the 2022 Shelf with the SEC in relation to the registration of up to an aggregate offering price of $300.0 million of common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants and units or any combination thereof. The Company also simultaneously entered into a Sales Agreement with the Sales Agent to provide for the offering, issuance and sale of up to an aggregate of $75.0 million of common stock from time to time in “at-the-market” offerings under the 2022 Shelf and subject to the limitations thereof. The Company will pay to the Sales Agent cash commissions of up to 3.0 percent of the gross proceeds of sales of common stock under the Sales Agreement. The Company has not issued any shares or received any proceeds from any offerings under the 2022 Shelf through August 11, 2022.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our unaudited condensed financial statements and the related notes and other financial information included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and the financial statements and accompanying notes, as well as Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. Certain of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, including information with respect to plans and strategy for our business, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. As a result of many factors, including those factors set forth in the section entitled “Risk Factors,” our actual results could differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis. You should carefully read the section entitled “Risk Factors” to gain an understanding of the material and other risks that could cause actual results to differ materially from our forward-looking statements. Please also see the section entitled “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Overview

We are a clinical-stage, next-generation gene editing company harnessing the power of high-efficiency precision gene repair, also known as homology directed repair (HDR), to develop a new class of therapies to potentially cure a wide range of serious and life-threatening diseases. We are pioneering a precision gene editing approach to achieve one of medicine’s most elusive goals: to precisely “find & replace” any gene in the genome. Our next-generation gene editing platform, called UltraHDR, is designed to precisely correct genetic mutations, replace entire disease-causing genes with functional genes, or insert new genes into predetermined, safe locations. We believe our platform technology could enable broad applications to transform human health, including directly correcting genetic mutations, engineering cells to permanently deliver therapeutic proteins, and precisely engineering effector cells to treat or cure a wide range of serious genetic and other diseases, including cancer, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases.

Our lead product candidate nulabeglogene autogedtemcel (nula-cel), formerly GPH101, is a highly differentiated approach with the potential to directly correct the mutation that causes sickle cell disease (SCD) and restore adult hemoglobin (HgbA) expression. Curing sickle cell disease by correcting the disease-causing point mutation is viewed as the gold-standard for curing SCD and has been the dream of treating physicians for generations. Our Phase 1/2 clinical trial of nula-cel is underway, with initial proof-of-concept data anticipated in mid-2023. We are also advancing our research programs and pipeline of potential one-time curative therapies for a wide range of genetic and other serious diseases and intend to file an investigational new drug application (IND) for a second program by mid-2024.

We were incorporated in Ontario, Canada in June 2017 as Longbow Therapeutics Inc. and were reincorporated in the State of Delaware in October 2019. In February 2020, we changed our name to Integral Medicines, Inc. and in August 2020, we changed our name to Graphite Bio, Inc. Research and development of our initial technology ceased at the end of 2018 and we did not have any significant operations or any research and development activities in 2019. In March 2020, we identified new gene editing technology which we sought to further develop, and we licensed the related intellectual property rights from The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University (Stanford) in December 2020.

Since our inception in June 2017, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to performing research and development, enabling manufacturing activities in support of our product development efforts, hiring personnel, acquiring and developing our technology and product candidates, organizing and staffing our Company, performing business planning, establishing our intellectual property portfolio, raising capital and providing general and administrative support for these activities. We have one product candidate that has an accepted IND. All of our other product candidates are in preclinical development, and we do not have any products approved for sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales. To date, we have funded our operations primarily with an aggregate of $197.7 million in aggregate gross proceeds from the sales of our redeemable convertible preferred stock and the issuance of convertible notes. In June and July 2021, we completed our initial public offering (“IPO”) and issued 16,100,000 shares of our common stock for $17.00 a share with a total net proceeds of approximately $251.3 million, and total underwriting costs of $19.1 million and issuance costs of $3.2 million. We will continue to require additional capital to develop our product candidates and fund operations for the foreseeable future. Accordingly, until such time as we can generate significant revenue from sales of our product candidates, if ever, we expect to finance our cash needs through public or private equity or debt financings, and collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements with third parties.

We have incurred significant operating losses since inception. As of June 30, 2022, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $328.3 million and an accumulated deficit of $193.1 million. We expect to continue to incur substantial losses for the foreseeable future, and our transition to profitability will depend upon successful development, approval and commercialization of our product candidates and upon achievement of sufficient revenues to support our cost structure. We do not expect to generate any revenue from commercial product sales unless and until we successfully complete development and obtain regulatory approval for one or more of our product candidates, which we expect will take at least several years. We may never achieve profitability, and unless and until then, we will need to continue to raise additional capital. Based upon our current operating plan, we estimate that our cash, cash equivalents and investments in marketable securities as of June 30, 2022 will be sufficient to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months.

We expect our expenses will increase substantially in connection with our ongoing and planned activities, as we:

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advance product candidates through preclinical studies and clinical trials;

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manufacture supplies for our preclinical studies and clinical trials;

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acquire, discover, validate and develop additional product candidates and technologies;

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attract, hire and retain additional personnel;

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operate as a public company;

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implement operational, financial and management systems;

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pursue regulatory approval for any product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials;

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expand or establish additional facilities for our growing business and operations;

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establish a sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure to commercialize any product candidate for which we may obtain marketing approval and related commercial manufacturing build-out; and

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obtain, maintain, expand and protect our portfolio of intellectual property rights.

We rely and will continue to rely on third parties in the conduct of our preclinical studies and clinical trials and for manufacturing and supply of our product candidates. We have no internal manufacturing capabilities, and we may continue to rely on third parties for our preclinical and clinical trial materials, of which the main suppliers are single-source suppliers. Given our stage of development, we do not yet have a marketing or sales organization or commercial infrastructure. Accordingly, if we obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, we also expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when or if we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. Even if we are able to generate revenue from sales of any product for which we receive regulatory approval, we may not become profitable. If we fail to become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and may be forced to reduce our operations.

Business Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the global COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic may continue to affect our ability to initiate and complete preclinical studies, delay the initiation of our planned clinical trials or future clinical trials or the progress or completion of our ongoing clinical trials, impede regulatory activities, disrupt the supply chain and the manufacture or shipment of drug substances and finished drug products for our product candidates for use in our clinical trials, impair testing, monitoring, data collection and analysis and other related activities or have other adverse effects on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In addition, the pandemic has caused substantial disruption in the financial markets and may adversely impact economies worldwide, both of which could result in adverse effects on our business and operations and our ability to raise additional funds to support our operations. The trading prices for biopharmaceutical companies have been highly volatile as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and we have faced, and may continue to face, similar volatility in our stock price.

We are following, and will continue to follow, recommendations from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as well as federal, state, and local governments regarding working-from-home practices for non-essential employees as well as return-to-work policies and procedures. We expect to continue to take actions as may be required or recommended by government authorities or as we determine are in the best interests of our employees and other business partners in light of the pandemic.

The surge of the COVID-19 Omicron variant, which began around the same time that our Phase 1/2 clinical trial of nula-cel initially opened for enrollment, impacted trial enrollment and site operations, including resourcing and staffing, resulting in a delay in timelines to anticipated data. In particular, the treatment of the first patient in our Phase 1/2 clinical trial was delayed due to a prospective participant becoming infected with COVID-19. We cannot at this time predict the specific extent, duration, or full impact that the COVID-19 pandemic will have on our business, financial condition and operations, including planned clinical trials and clinical development timelines. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our financial performance will depend on future developments, including the duration and spread of the pandemic, its impact on our clinical trial enrollment, trial sites, CROs, CMOs and other third parties with whom we do business, its impact on regulatory authorities and our key scientific and management personnel, progress of vaccination and related governmental advisories and restrictions. These developments and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the financial markets and the overall economy are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. If the financial markets or the overall economy are impacted for an extended period, our business may be materially adversely affected.

Stanford Exclusive License Agreement and Option Agreement

In December 2020, we entered into an exclusive license agreement (the “License Agreement”), with The Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University (Stanford), pursuant to which Stanford granted us a worldwide license to specified technology and patent rights to develop, manufacture and commercialize human prophylactic and therapeutic products. Other than with respect to specified, broadly applicable assays and procedures and subject to retained rights by Stanford, the license is exclusive with respect to human prophylactic and therapeutic products for the treatment of SCD, XSCID and beta thalassemia. The license is non-exclusive with respect to those broadly applicable assays and procedures and with respect to all human prophylactic and therapeutic products other than for the treatment of SCD, XSCID and beta thalassemia.

To date, pursuant to the License Agreement, we have paid an upfront license fee to Stanford of $50.0 thousand and issued to Stanford and its designees an aggregate of approximately 0.6 million shares of our common stock. The acquisition of the exclusive license, including patent rights and know-how, and clinical supplies was accounted for as an asset acquisition and as the acquired technology and inventories did not have an alternative use, the total consideration of $2.8 million was recorded as research and development expense in the statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2020. We are obligated to pay Stanford an annual license maintenance fee on each anniversary of the effective date of the License Agreement. The annual license maintenance fee initially is $5.0 thousand and will increase to $50.0 thousand in three increments over the first seven anniversaries of the effective date of the License Agreement. After the first commercial sale of a product falling within the scope of the license (the “Licensed Product”), the annual license maintenance fee is $200.0 thousand.

In May 2021, we issued 640,861 shares of our common stock in connection with the License Agreement. Subsequently, in June 2021, related to the License Agreement, we repurchased 624,845 shares of our common stock from investors and founders.

We are required to share with Stanford a portion of any non-royalty income we receive from sublicensing the licensed patent rights or technology, subject to specified exclusions. With respect to sublicenses granted to products for the treatment of SCD, XSCID and beta thalassemia, the portion of sublicense income we must share with Stanford varies by indication and declines from between a mid-teen to a second quartile double-digit percentage prior to the filing of an IND to between a high single-digit to very low double-digit percentage upon achievement of a specified clinical milestone. With respect to sublicenses granted under the licensed technology rights and not licensed patent rights, the portion of sublicense income shared with Stanford declines from between a mid-single-digit and very low double-digit percentage prior to the filing of an IND to a low single-digit percentage after filing of an IND.

We are obligated to make payments to Stanford with respect to each Licensed Product of up to an aggregate of $12.8 million upon the achievement of certain development, regulatory and commercial milestones. Such amounts are payable only once upon the first occurrence of a particular milestone event with respect to each Licensed Product and only once with respect to each new indication covered by any of the Licensed Products.

We also are obligated to pay Stanford low single-digit royalties based on worldwide annual net sales of any Licensed Product, subject to specified reductions. We will be obligated to continue to pay royalties on a Licensed Product-by-Licensed Product and country-by-country basis, until the latest of (i) the expiration of the last valid claim under the licensed patents that covers the sale or manufacture of such Licensed Product in such country, (ii) the expiration of any period of regulatory exclusivity with respect to such Licensed Product in such country or (iii) the expiration of ten years after the first commercial sale of such Licensed Product in such country.

The term of the License Agreement expires on the later of (i) the expiration of the last patent or abandonment of the last patent application within the license patent rights or (ii) the expiration of all royalty terms with respect to Licensed Products. The License Agreement may be terminated by us at will or by Stanford if we remain in breach of the License Agreement following a cure period to remedy the breach.

We are required to use diligent efforts to manufacture, market and sell Licensed Products for the treatment of each of SCD, XSCID and beta thalassemia. In addition, we are required to achieve specified milestones by specified dates with respect to Licensed Products for the treatment of each of SCD, XSCID and beta thalassemia. If we fail to satisfy our diligence obligations, Stanford may terminate the License Agreement for our breach. For more details on the License Agreement, please see Note 6 of the Notes to Condensed Financial Statements.

In January 2021, we entered into an option agreement (the “First Option Agreement”), with Stanford, pursuant to which Stanford granted us the right to obtain a license to specified patent rights relating to human prophylactic and therapeutic products. We may exercise the option in whole or in part to obtain a license under one or more of the optioned patent rights.

Subject to our exercise of the option under the First Option Agreement and our execution of an amendment to the License Agreement that incorporates the optioned patent rights and any optioned technology, we have agreed to issue to Stanford 132,137 shares of our common stock and pay a license execution fee of $10.0 thousand.

The term of the First Option Agreement expires 18 months after its effective date, subject to our right to extend such expiration date by up to an additional one year upon notice to Stanford and by another additional one year upon the reasonable agreement of Stanford. The First Option Agreement will terminate if the License Agreement terminates. On June 23, 2022, we exercised the right to extend the term of the First Option Agreement for an additional year. As of June 30, 2022, we have not exercised the option and no fees have been paid under the First Option Agreement.

In April 2021, we entered into an option agreement (the “Second Option Agreement”) with Stanford to negotiate the license for additional technologies from Stanford. Pursuant to the Second Option Agreement, we agreed to pay Stanford option fees in an aggregate amount of $30.0 thousand over the term of the option. On April 13, 2022, we entered into an amendment to the Second Option Agreement which extended the term for an additional year and the maintenance fee of $10.0 thousand was paid in the three and six months ended June 30, 2022. As of June 30, 2022, we have not exercised the option and no fees have been paid under the Second Option Agreement.

LCGM Service Agreement

On August 30, 2021, we entered into a Master Manufacturing and Service Agreement with the Laboratory for Cell & Gene Medicine (“LCGM”) at Stanford (“LCGM MSA”). Pursuant to the LCGM MSA, LCGM will conduct clinical manufacturing, release testing, and product release for nula-cel in our Phase 1 clinical trial to treat SCD. During 2021, we entered into various SOWs under the LCGM MSA under which we received technology transfer and related services for HBB Beta-Globin Gene Variant for SCD, manufacturing engineer test runs, the exclusive use of a manufacturing suite at the LCGM facility, and Phase 1/2 clinical development and manufacturing of the HBB Variant for SCD. We have recognized $1.3 million and $2.8 million in research and development expense in connection with the LCGM MSA during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively.

IDT License Agreement

On June 7, 2021, we entered into a License Agreement (the “IDT License Agreement”) with Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc. (IDT). Pursuant to the IDT License Agreement, IDT granted us and our affiliates a worldwide, non-exclusive, sublicensable license to research and develop products incorporating HiFi Cas9 protein variants for use in human therapeutic applications for SCD, XSCID and Gaucher disease (the “Field”) and a worldwide, exclusive, sublicensable license to commercialize such products in the Field. We have also been granted the right to expand the licensed Field to include human therapeutic applications in the additional fields of beta thalassemia disorder and lysosomal storage disorders upon the payment of an exercise fee in the amount of $0.5 million per additional field or $1.0 million for both additional fields.

In consideration of the licenses and rights granted to us under the IDT License Agreement, we agreed to pay to IDT an upfront payment in the amount of $3.0 million and up to $5.3 million (or $8.8 million if we elect to expand the Field as described above to include both the beta thalassemia and lysosomal storage disorders fields) in total regulatory milestone payments. Each regulatory milestone payment is payable once on an indication-by-indication basis. In addition, we have agreed to pay IDT a low single-digit royalty on the net sales of products, subject to reductions in specified circumstances. The acquisition of the license was accounted for as an asset acquisition and as the acquired technology did not have an alternative use, the total consideration of $3.0 million was recorded as research and development expense in the statement of operations and comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2021. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, we have not recognized any research and development expense in connection with the IDT License Agreement. There are no milestones probable as of June 30, 2022; therefore, no milestone payments have been recognized in the three and six months ended June 30, 2022.

The IDT License Agreement remains in effect on a country-by-country and product-by-product basis until the expiration of the royalty term for such product in such jurisdiction. We and IDT each have the right to terminate the IDT License Agreement for the other party’s material breach of its obligations under the IDT License Agreement, subject to specified rights to cure. Additionally, we may terminate the IDT License Agreement for any reason upon written notice.

Initial Public Offering

In June and July 2021, we completed an initial public offering of our common stock. As part of the IPO, we issued and sold 16,100,000 shares of our common stock at a public offering price of $17.00 per share. In June and July 2021, we received net proceeds of approximately $251.3 million from the IPO, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $19.1 million and offering costs of approximately $3.2 million.

Components of Results of Operations

Operating Expenses

Research and Development

Research and development costs consist primarily of external and internal costs incurred for our research activities and the development of our gene editing platform and associated rights which we licensed in December 2020.

External costs include:

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costs incurred under agreements with third-party CROs, CMOs and other third parties that conduct preclinical and clinical activities on our behalf and manufacture our product candidates;

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costs associated with acquiring technology and intellectual property licenses that have no alternative future uses; and

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other costs associated with our research and development programs, including laboratory materials and supplies and consulting fees.

Internal costs include:

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employee-related costs, including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation expense, for our research and development personnel; and

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facilities and other expenses incurred in connection with our research and development programs, including expenses for allocated rent and facilities maintenance, and depreciation and amortization.

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Since inception, we have not tracked our internal indirect costs and external research and development costs by program. The intellectual property we licensed in late 2020 is fundamental to our platform and we did not focus on any specific programs. In the future, we expect to track research and development costs on a program by program basis as we identify the specific programs and product candidates to develop.

During 2021 and 2020, we were eligible for a research and development tax credit. The tax incentive was available to us based on research and development activity within the United States and California during that year. These research and development tax incentives are recognized as a reduction to payroll tax expense when the right to receive has been attained and funds are collectible and are capped at $250.0 thousand per year.

We expect our research and development expenses to increase substantially for the foreseeable future as we advance our product candidates into and through preclinical studies and clinical trials, pursue regulatory approval of our product candidates and expand our pipeline of product candidates. The process of conducting the necessary preclinical and clinical research to obtain regulatory approval is costly and time-consuming. The actual probability of success for our product candidates may be affected by a variety of factors, including the safety and efficacy of our product candidates, early clinical data, investment in our clinical programs, competition, manufacturing capability and commercial viability. We may never succeed in achieving regulatory approval for any of our product candidates. As a result of the uncertainties discussed above, we are unable to determine the duration and completion costs of our research and development projects or if, when and to what extent we will generate revenue from the commercialization and sale of our product candidates, if approved by the FDA and other applicable authorities.

Our future research and development costs may vary significantly based on factors such as:

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the scope, rate of progress, expense and results of our clinical trials and our discovery and preclinical development activities;

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the costs and timing of our CMC activities, including fulfilling GMP-related standards and compliance, and identifying and qualifying suppliers;

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per patient clinical trial costs;

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the number and duration of clinical trials required for approval of our product candidates;

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the number of sites included in our clinical trials;

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the countries in which the trials are conducted;

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delays in adding a sufficient number of trial sites and recruiting suitable patients to participate in our clinical trials;

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the number of patients that participate in the trials;

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patient drop-out or discontinuation rates;

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potential partial reimbursement from governmental agencies for our clinical activities;

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potential additional safety monitoring requested by regulatory agencies;

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the duration of patient participation in the trials and follow-up;

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the cost and timing of manufacturing our product candidates;

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the phase of development of our product candidates;

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the efficacy and safety profile of our product candidates; the timing, receipt, and terms of any approvals from applicable regulatory authorities including the FDA and non-U.S. regulators;

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maintaining a continued acceptable safety profile of our product candidates following approval, if any, of our product candidates;

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significant and changing government regulation and regulatory guidance;

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changes in the standard of care on which a clinical development plan was based, which may require new or additional trials;

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the extent to which we establish additional strategic collaborations or other arrangements; and

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the impact of any business interruptions to our operations or to those of the third parties with whom we work, particularly in light of the current COVID-19 pandemic environment.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of expenses related to employee-related costs, including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation expense, for our executive, business development, finance and accounting, human resources and other administrative functions; legal services, including relating to intellectual property and corporate matters; accounting, auditing, consulting and tax services; insurance; and facility and other allocated costs not otherwise included in research and development expenses. We expect our general and administrative expenses to increase substantially for the foreseeable future as we anticipate an increase in our personnel headcount to support expansion of research and development activities, as well as to support our operations generally. We also expect to continue to incur significant expenses associated with being a public company, including costs related to accounting, audit, legal, regulatory, and tax-related services associated with maintaining compliance with applicable Nasdaq and SEC requirements; director and officer insurance costs; and investor and public relations costs.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net primarily consists of amounts realized from interest income from the investments in marketable securities.

Results of Operations

Three Months Ended June 30, 2022 and 2021

The following table summarizes our statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the respective periods (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2022			2021
	(unaudited)
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	17,777		$	12,667
General and administrative		8,999			4,866
Total operating expenses		26,776			17,533
Loss from operations		(26,776	)		(17,533	)
Other income (expense), net:
Other income, net		840			4
Change in fair value of the Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock tranche liability		—			—
Total other income, net		840			4
Net loss	$	(25,936	)	$	(17,529	)
Unrealized loss on investments		(724	)		—
Comprehensive loss	$	(26,660	)	$	(17,529	)

Operating Expenses

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses were $17.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to $12.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021, an increase of $5.1 million. The increase in research and development expenses was primarily attributable to an increase of $3.2 million of personnel costs, $1.7 million in clinical trial related activities and contract manufacturing activities for our clinical trials and drug supply, and $0.2 million of other research and development costs primarily related to facilities costs, lease expense and service agreements.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses were $9.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to $4.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021, an increase of $4.1 million. The increase in general and administrative expenses was comprised of an additional $2.4 million of consulting and personnel-related costs primarily attributable to increased hiring of general and administrative personnel, including associated stock-based compensation expense. We also incurred additional professional service costs of $1.3 million related to legal costs, accounting and financial service costs, and insurance costs, as well as other miscellaneous expenses of $0.4 million.

Other Income (Expense), Net

The other income (expense), net for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 comprised of interest income from the investments in marketable securities.

Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 and 2021

The following table summarizes our statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the respective periods (in thousands):


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022			2021
	(unaudited)
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$	36,023		$	18,044
General and administrative		16,711			8,857
Total operating expenses		52,734			26,901
Loss from operations		(52,734	)		(26,901	)
Other income (expense), net:
Other income (expense), net		963			4
Change in fair value of the Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock tranche liability		—			(10,341	)
Total other income (expense), net		963			(10,337	)
Net loss	$	(51,771	)	$	(37,238	)
Unrealized loss on investments		(1,033	)		—
Comprehensive loss	$	(52,804	)	$	(37,238	)

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses were $36.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to $18.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021, an increase of $18.0 million. The increase in research and development expenses was primarily attributable to an increase of $7.9 million of personnel costs, $7.2 million in clinical trial related activities and contract manufacturing activities for our clinical trials and drug supply, and $2.9 million of other research and development costs primarily related to facilities costs, lease expense and service agreements.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses were $16.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to $8.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021, an increase of $7.8 million. The increase in general and administrative expenses was comprised of an additional $4.6 million of consulting and personnel-related costs associated primarily attributable to increased hiring of general and administrative personnel, including associated stock-based compensation expense. We also incurred additional professional service costs of $2.2 million related to legal costs, accounting and financial service costs, and insurance costs, as well as other miscellaneous expenses of $1.0 million.

Other Income (Expense), Net

The other income (expense), net for the six months ended June 30, 2022 comprised of interest income from the investments in marketable securities. The other income (expense), net for the six months ended June 30, 2021 was comprised of the change in the fair value of our Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock tranche liability of $10.3 million and income from money market funds. Investments in marketable securities were not held in the comparable period.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have incurred losses since inception and have incurred negative cash flows from operations from inception through June 30, 2022. As of June 30, 2022, we had 328.3 million of cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities and our accumulated deficit was $193.1 million. In June and July 2021, we raised net proceeds of $251.3 million in our IPO, pursuant to which we sold an aggregate of 16,100,000 shares of common stock.

Prior to our IPO, we funded our operations primarily from the sale of redeemable convertible preferred stock and issuance of convertible promissory notes.

On July 21, 2022, we filed the 2022 Shelf with the SEC in relation to the registration of up to an aggregate offering price of $300.0 million of common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants and units or any combination thereof. We also simultaneously entered into a Sales Agreement to provide for the offering, issuance and sale by us of up to an aggregate of $75.0 million of our common stock from time to time in “at-the-market” offerings under the 2022 Shelf and subject to the limitations thereof. We will pay to the Sales Agent cash commissions of up to 3.0 percent of the gross proceeds of sales of common stock under the Sales Agreement. We have not issued any shares or received any proceeds from any offerings under the 2022 Shelf through August 11, 2022.

Future Funding Requirements

Our primary uses of cash are to fund our operations, which consist primarily of research and development expenditures related to our programs and, to a lesser extent, general and administrative expenditures. We anticipate that we will continue to incur significant expenses for the foreseeable future as we continue to advance our product candidates, expand our corporate infrastructure, including the costs associated with being a public company, further our research and development initiatives for our product candidates, scale our laboratory and manufacturing operations, and incur marketing costs associated with potential commercialization. We are subject to all of the risks typically related to the development of new drug candidates, and we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors that may adversely affect our business. We anticipate that we will need substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations.

Based upon our current operating plan, we estimate that our existing cash, cash equivalents and investments in marketable securities as of the date of the filing of this Form 10-Q, will be sufficient to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into the fourth quarter of 2024. Until we can generate sufficient revenues from the commercialization of our product candidates or from collaboration agreements with third parties, if ever, we expect to finance our future cash needs through public or private equity or debt financings, collaborations and other strategic alliances and licensing arrangements, or any combination of these approaches. The sale of equity or convertible debt securities may result in dilution to our stockholders and, in the case of preferred equity securities or convertible debt, those securities could provide for rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of our common stock. Debt financings may subject us to covenant limitations or restrictions on our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. Our ability to raise additional funds may be adversely impacted by negative global economic conditions and any disruptions to and volatility in the credit and financial markets in the United States and worldwide that may result from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, inflationary pressures or other factors. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in acquiring additional funding at levels sufficient to fund our operations or on terms favorable or acceptable to us. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing when needed or on terms favorable or acceptable to us, we may be forced to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate one or more of our research and development programs.

Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

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the timing, scope, progress, results and costs of research and development, discovery, preclinical and non-clinical studies and clinical trials for our current and future product candidates;

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the number, scope and duration of clinical trials required for regulatory approval of our current and future product candidates;

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the outcome, timing and cost of seeking and obtaining regulatory approvals from the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities for our product candidates, including any requirement to conduct more studies or generate additional data beyond that which we currently expect would be required to support a marketing application;

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the cost of manufacturing clinical and commercial supplies of our current and future product candidates;

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the costs and timing of future commercialization activities, including product manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution, for any of our product candidates for which we receive marketing approval;

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our ability to maintain existing, and establish new, strategic collaborations, licensing or other arrangements and the financial terms of any such agreements, including the timing and amount of any future milestone, royalty or other payments due under any such agreement;

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any product liability or other lawsuits related to our products;

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the revenue, if any, received from commercial sales of any product candidates for which we may receive marketing approval;

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our ability to establish a commercially viable pricing structure and obtain approval for coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party and government payers;

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the costs to establish, maintain, expand, enforce and defend the scope of our intellectual property portfolio, including the amount and timing of any payments we may be required to make, or that we may receive, in connection with licensing, preparing, filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing our patents or other intellectual property rights;

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expenses needed to attract, hire and retain skilled personnel;

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the costs of operating as a public company; and

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the impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and unfavorable global economic conditions, which may exacerbate the magnitude of the factors discussed above.

A change in the outcome of any of these or other variables could significantly change the costs and timing associated with the development of our product candidates. Furthermore, our operating plans may change in the future, and we may need additional funds to meet operational needs and capital requirements associated with such change.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our sources and uses of cash for the periods presented (in thousands):


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022			2021
	(unaudited)
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(43,334	)	$	(21,844	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(258,883	)		(1,123	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		412			385,264
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	(301,805	)	$	362,297

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities was $43.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022, which was primarily attributable to our net loss of $51.8 million and net changes in operating assets and liabilities of $2.3 million, adjusted for net noncash charges of $10.7 million. Noncash charges included $6.7 million in stock-based compensation expense, $2.9 million in noncash lease expense, and $1.1 million in depreciation and amortization expense.

Net cash used in operating activities was $21.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021, which was primarily attributable to our net loss of $37.2 million, adjusted for non-cash charges of $13.6 million and changes in operating assets and liabilities of $1.8 million. Noncash charges included $10.3 million in change in fair value of the Series A redeemable convertible tranche liability, $3.1 million in stock-based compensation, and $0.2 million in depreciation and amortization expense.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $258.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022, which was primarily attributable to the investment in current and non-current marketable securities of $248.0 million and $6.0 million, respectively, and the purchases of lab equipment for use at our headquarters of $4.7 million.

Net cash used in investing activities was $1.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021, which was primarily attributable to the purchases of lab equipment for use at our headquarters.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $0.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022, which consisted primarily of proceeds from issuance of common stock related to the employee stock purchase plan.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $385.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021, which consisted primarily of proceeds from the issuance of Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock of $165.5 million, proceeds from issuance of common stock in our initial public offering, net of issuance costs of $219.5 million, and proceeds from the issuance of common stock related to early exercised stock options of $0.3 million.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

For information on new accounting standards, see Note 2 to our financial statements included in Part I in this Quarterly Report.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our financial statements. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including but not limited to those related to accrued research and development costs, the fair value of redeemable convertible preferred stock, investments in marketable securities, and common stock and stock-based compensation expense, the valuation of deferred tax assets, and uncertain income tax positions. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, there were no material changes to our critical accounting policies or in the methodology used for estimates from those described in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.

Emerging Growth Company and Smaller Reporting Company Status

We are an emerging growth company, as defined in the JOBS Act. Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay the adoption of new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until such time as those standards apply to private companies. Other exemptions and reduced reporting requirements under the JOBS Act for emerging growth companies include presentation of only two years of audited financial statements in a registration statement for an initial public offering, an exemption from the requirement to provide an auditor’s report on internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, an exemption from any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation and less extensive disclosure about our executive compensation arrangements. We have elected to use the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date that (i) we are no longer an emerging growth company or (ii) we affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act.

However, as described in Note 2 to our condensed financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, we early adopted certain accounting standards, as the JOBS Act does not preclude an emerging growth company from adopting a new or revised accounting standard earlier than the time that such standard applies to private companies to the extent early adoption is permitted. As a result, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with the new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (i) the last day of our first fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenues of $1.07 billion or more, (ii) December 31, 2026, (iii) the date on which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer,” under the rules of the SEC, which means the market value of equity securities that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700.0 million as of the prior June 30th and (iv) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period.

If we are a “smaller reporting company” at the time we cease to be an emerging growth company, we may continue to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are available to smaller reporting companies. Specifically, as a smaller reporting company we may choose to present only the two most recent fiscal years of audited financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and, similar to emerging growth companies, smaller reporting companies have reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Under SEC rules and regulations, as a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide the information required by this item.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of June 30, 2022, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and to provide reasonable assurance that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended June 30, 2022 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, do not expect that our disclosure controls or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions, over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

We are not party to any material legal proceedings at this time. From time to time, we may become involved in various legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

This Form 10-Q contains forward-looking information based on our current expectations. Because our business is subject to many risks and our actual results may differ materially from any forward-looking statements made by or on behalf of us, this section includes a discussion of important factors that could affect our business, operating results, financial condition and the trading price of our common stock. You should carefully consider these risk factors, together with all of the other information included in this Form 10-Q as well as our other publicly available filings with the SEC.

Risks Related to Our Financial Position, Limited Operating History and Need for Additional Capital

We have incurred significant losses since our inception, we expect to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future, and we may never achieve or maintain profitability.

Since our inception, we have incurred significant net losses, have not generated any revenue from product sales to date and have financed our operations principally through the net proceeds raised in our initial public offering and private placements of our redeemable convertible preferred stock. Our net loss for the year ended December 31, 2021 was $70.8 million and for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 was $51.8 million and $37.2 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2022, we had an accumulated deficit of $193.1 million. We expect to continue to incur significant and increasing losses for the foreseeable future. The net losses we incur may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year, such that a period-to-period comparison of our results of operations may not be a good indication of our future performance. We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially if and as we:

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conduct our ongoing Phase 1/2 clinical trial of nula-cel and initiate and conduct clinical trials for our other current product candidates and any future product candidates that we may identify and develop;

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continue our current research and discovery programs and our preclinical development of product candidates from our current research programs;

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seek to identify additional research programs and additional product candidates;

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hire additional research and development and clinical personnel;

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maintain, expand, enforce, defend and protect our intellectual property portfolio and provide reimbursement of third-party expenses related to our patent portfolio;

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seek marketing approvals for any of our product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials;

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establish our manufacturing capability, including developing our contract development and manufacturing relationships, and should we decide to do so, building and maintaining a commercial-scale current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP), manufacturing facility;

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ultimately establish a sales, marketing, and distribution infrastructure to commercialize any products for which we may obtain marketing approval;

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further develop our gene editing platform;

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add operational, financial, and management information systems and personnel;

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acquire or in-license product candidates, intellectual property and technologies; and

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operate as a public company.

To date, we have not successfully completed a clinical trial for any product candidate. We have only one product candidate in clinical development and expect that it will be many years, if ever, before we have a product candidate ready for commercialization, if approved. To become and remain profitable, we must develop and eventually commercialize products with significant market potential. This will require us to be successful in a range of challenging activities, including identifying product candidates, completing preclinical testing and clinical trials of product candidates, obtaining marketing approval for these product candidates, manufacturing, marketing, and selling those products for which we may obtain marketing approval, obtaining market acceptance for such products and satisfying any post-marketing requirements. We may never succeed in these activities and, even if we do, may never generate revenue in an amount sufficient to achieve profitability. All of our programs are currently only in the discovery, preclinical testing or early clinical development stage. We commenced our Phase 1/2 clinical trial of nula-cel in SCD in November 2021. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with developing gene therapy and gene editing product candidates, we are unable to predict the extent of any future losses or when we will become profitable, if ever. If we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to become and remain profitable would decrease the value of our company and our stock price and

could impair our ability to raise capital, maintain and fund our research and development efforts, expand our business, or continue our operations. A decline in the value of our company could also cause you to lose all or part of your investment.

Our limited operating history may make it difficult for you to evaluate the performance of our business to date and to assess our future viability.

We are an early-stage company. We were founded in 2017 and commenced operations in 2020. Our operations to date have been limited to organizing and staffing our company, business planning, raising capital, acquiring and developing our platform and technology, identifying potential product candidates, establishing and maintaining our intellectual property portfolio, undertaking preclinical studies and preparing for clinical trials. Other than nula-cel, which is in early clinical development, all of our research programs are still in the preclinical or research stage of development, and their risk of failure is high. We have not demonstrated an ability to initiate or successfully complete any clinical trials, including large-scale, pivotal clinical trials, obtain marketing approvals, manufacture a commercial-scale product, or arrange for a third party to do so on our behalf, or conduct sales and marketing activities necessary for successful commercialization. Typically, it takes about 10 to 15 years to develop a new product from the time it is discovered to when it is available for treating patients. Consequently, any predictions you make about the likelihood of our future success or viability may not be as accurate as they could be if we had a longer operating history.

Our limited operating history, particularly in light of the rapidly evolving gene editing field, may make it difficult to evaluate our technology and industry and predict our future performance. Our very short history as an operating company makes any assessment of the likelihood of our future success and viability subject to significant uncertainty. We will encounter risks and difficulties frequently experienced by very early stage companies in rapidly evolving fields. If we do not address these risks successfully, our business will suffer.

In addition, as a new business, we may encounter other unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays, and other known and unknown factors. We will need to transition from a company with a research focus to a company capable of supporting commercial activities. We may not be successful in such a transition. If we do not adequately address these risks and difficulties or successfully make such a transition, our business will suffer.

We have never generated revenue from product sales, may never generate any revenue from product sales and may never become profitable.

Our ability to generate revenue from product sales and achieve profitability, if ever, depends on our ability, alone or with collaborative partners, to successfully complete the development of, and obtain the regulatory approvals necessary to commercialize, our current product candidates and any product candidates we may identify for development. We do not anticipate generating revenues from product sales for the next several years, if ever.

Even if one or more of the product candidates we develop are approved for commercial sale, we anticipate incurring significant costs associated with commercializing any approved product candidate. Our expenses could increase beyond expectations if we are required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the European Medicines Agency (EMA), or other regulatory authorities to perform clinical and other studies in addition to those that we currently anticipate. Even if we are able to generate revenues from the sale of any approved product candidates, we may not become profitable and may need to obtain additional funding to continue operations.

Developing pharmaceutical products, including conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, is a very time-consuming, expensive and uncertain process that takes years to complete. Our operations have consumed substantial amounts of cash since inception, and we expect our expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we identify, continue the research and development of, initiate and conduct clinical trials of, and seek marketing approval for, our product candidates. In addition, if we obtain marketing approval for our product candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product sales, marketing, manufacturing, and distribution to the extent that such sales, marketing, manufacturing, and distribution are not the responsibility of a collaborator. Other unanticipated costs may also arise. Furthermore, we expect to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company. Accordingly, we will need to obtain substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on acceptable terms, we would be forced to delay, reduce, or eliminate our research and product development programs, future commercialization efforts or other operations.

As of June 30, 2022, our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities were $328.3 million. We expect that these funds will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into the fourth quarter of 2024. However, our operating plan may change as a result of factors currently unknown to us, and we may need to seek funding sooner than planned. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

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the timing, scope, progress, results and costs of our planned clinical trials of nula-cel and other product candidates that we may identify and develop;

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the costs, timing, and outcome of regulatory review of the product candidates we develop;

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the costs of continuing to build our gene editing platform;

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the timing, scope, progress, results, and costs of discovery, preclinical development and formulation development for the product candidates we develop;

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the costs of preparing, filing, and prosecuting patent applications, establishing, maintaining and enforcing our intellectual property and proprietary rights, and defending intellectual property-related claims;

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the costs of future activities, including product sales, medical affairs, marketing, manufacturing, distribution, coverage and reimbursement for any product candidates for which we receive regulatory approval;

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our ability to achieve sufficient market acceptance, coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors and adequate market share and revenue for any approved products;

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our ability to establish and maintain additional collaborations, licenses or other similar arrangements on favorable terms, if at all;

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the success of any collaborations that we may establish and of our license agreements;

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the continued effect of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and unfavorable global economic conditions and inflationary pressures on our business;

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the extent to which we acquire or in-license product candidates, intellectual property and technologies; and

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the costs of operating as a public company.

Identifying potential product candidates and conducting preclinical testing and clinical trials is a time-consuming, expensive, and uncertain process that takes years to complete, and we may never generate the necessary data or results required to obtain marketing approval and achieve product sales. In addition, our product candidates, if approved, may not achieve commercial success. Our commercial revenues, if any, will be derived from sales of products that we do not expect to be commercially available for many years, if at all. Accordingly, we will need to continue to rely on additional financing to achieve our business objectives. Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. In addition, we may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans.

Any additional fundraising efforts may divert our management from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates. We have no committed sources of additional capital and, if we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development or commercialization of our product candidates or other research and development initiatives. Without sufficient funding, our license agreements and any future collaboration agreements may also be terminated if we are unable to meet the payment or other obligations under such agreements.

Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenues, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances, and licensing arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a common stockholder. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures, declaring dividends, and possibly other restrictions.

If we raise funds through additional collaborations, strategic alliances, or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs, or product candidates we develop, or we may have to grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us and/or that may reduce the value of our common stock. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce, or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

Recent volatility in capital markets and lower market prices for our securities may affect our ability to access new capital through sales of shares of our common stock or issuance of indebtedness.

As discussed above, developing pharmaceutical products, including conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, is a very expensive process, and our operations have consumed substantial amounts of cash since inception, and we expect our expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we identify, continue the research and development of, initiate and conduct clinical trials of, and seek marketing approval for, our product candidates. Accordingly, we may need to pursue equity or debt financings to meet our capital needs. With uncertainty in the capital markets and other factors, such financing may not be available on terms favorable to us or at all. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing

stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences, and privileges superior to those of holders of our common stock. Any debt financing secured by us in the future could involve additional restrictive covenants relating to our capital-raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, we could face significant limitations on our ability to invest in our operations and otherwise suffer harm to our business.

We may be subject to adverse legislative or regulatory tax changes that could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The rules dealing with U.S. federal, state and local income taxation are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the Internal Revenue Service and the U.S. Treasury Department. Changes to tax laws (which changes may have retroactive application) could adversely affect our stockholders or us. We cannot predict whether, when, in what form, or with what effective dates, tax laws, regulations and rulings may be enacted, promulgated or decided, which could result in an increase in our, or our stockholders’, tax liability or require changes in the manner in which we operate in order to minimize increases in our tax liability.

Our ability to use our U.S. net operating loss carryforwards and certain other U.S. tax attributes may be limited.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, we had U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards of $57.3 million and $10.8 million, respectively, (which are not subject to expiration) and state net operating loss carryforwards of $0.0 million (which begin to expire in various amounts in 2039). Our ability to use our U.S. federal and state net operating losses to offset potential future taxable income and reduce income taxes that would otherwise be due is dependent upon our generation of future taxable income, and we cannot predict with certainty when, or whether, we will generate sufficient taxable income to use all of our net operating losses.

Under current law, unused U.S. federal net operating losses generated in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 are not subject to expiration and may be carried forward indefinitely. For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2020, however, the deductibility of such U.S. federal net operating losses is limited to 80% of our taxable income in such taxable years. In addition, both our current and our future unused U.S. federal net operating losses and tax credits may be subject to limitation under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) if we undergo an “ownership change,” generally defined as a greater than 50 percentage point change (by value) in its equity ownership by certain stockholders over a rolling three-year period. We may have experienced such ownership changes in the past, and we may experience ownership changes in the future as a result of our equity offerings or subsequent shifts in our stock ownership, some of which are outside our control. Our net operating losses and tax credits may also be impaired or restricted under state law.

We face risks related to health epidemics, pandemics and other widespread outbreaks of contagious disease, including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which could significantly disrupt our operations, impact our financial results or otherwise adversely impact our business.

Significant outbreaks of contagious diseases, and other adverse public health developments, could have a material impact on our business operations and operating results. The continued spread of COVID-19, including the emergence of subsequent variants like the Omicron variant, which began to spread around the time that our Phase 1/2 clinical trial of nula-cel initially opened for enrollment, has affected segments of the global economy as well as our operations. For example, COVID-19 impacted clinical trial site resourcing, staffing and operations, resulting in longer timeframes than initially anticipated for participant screening and enrollment. In particular, treatment of the first patient in our Phase 1/2 clinical trial of nula-cel was delayed due to screen failure as a result of a prospective participant becoming infected with COVID-19. As a result of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic or similar public health crises that may arise, we may experience further disruptions that could adversely impact our operations, research and development, including preclinical studies, clinical trials and manufacturing activities, including:

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delays or disruptions in clinical trials that we may be conducting, including patient screening, patient enrollment, patient dosing, clinical trial site activation, and study monitoring;

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delays or disruptions in preclinical experiments and IND-enabling and clinical trial application-enabling studies due to restrictions related to our staff being on site;

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interruption or delays in the operations of the FDA, the EMA and comparable foreign regulatory agencies;

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interruption of, or delays in, receiving, supplies of drug substance and drug product from our CMOs or delays or disruptions in our pre-clinical experiments or clinical trials performed by CROs due to staffing shortages, production and research slowdowns or stoppages and disruptions in delivery systems or research;

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limitations imposed on our business operations by local, state, or federal authorities to address such pandemics or similar public health crises could impact our ability to conduct preclinical or clinical activities, including conducting IND-enabling studies or our ability to select future development candidates;

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the impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on our corporate culture; and

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business disruptions caused by potential workplace, laboratory and office closures and an increased reliance on employees working from home, disruptions to or delays in ongoing laboratory experiments and operations, staffing shortages, travel limitations, cyber security and data accessibility, or communication or mass transit disruptions, any of which could adversely impact our business operations or delay necessary interactions with local regulators, ethics committees, manufacturing sites, research or clinical trial sites and other important agencies and contractors.

The trading prices for biopharmaceutical companies have been highly volatile as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and we may face similar volatility in our stock price.

We cannot predict the scope and severity of any potential business shutdowns or disruptions. If we or any of the third parties with whom we engage were to experience shutdowns or other business disruptions, our ability to conduct our business in the manner and on the timelines presently planned could be materially and negatively affected, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, our results of operations and prospects.

For additional information regarding the impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on our Company, see the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations— Business Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic.”

Risks Related to Discovery, Development, and Commercialization

We are very early in our development efforts. Other than nula-cel, which is in early clinical development, all of our product candidates are still in preclinical development or earlier stages and it will be many years before we or our collaborators commercialize a product candidate, if ever. If we are unable to advance our product candidates through preclinical and clinical development, obtain regulatory approval and ultimately commercialize our product candidates, or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.

We are very early in our development efforts and have focused our research and development efforts to date on gene editing technology, identifying our initial targeted disease indications and our initial product candidates. We have not achieved preclinical proof of concept for the majority of our programs and there is no guarantee that we will achieve it for any of these programs. Our future success depends heavily on the successful development of our gene editing product candidates. To date, we have invested substantially all of our efforts and financial resources in building our gene editing platform, and the identification and preclinical development of our current product candidates. Our ability to generate product revenue, which we do not expect will occur for many years, if ever, will depend heavily on the successful development and eventual commercialization of our product candidates, which may never occur.

Commencing clinical trials in the United States is also subject to acceptance by the FDA of our INDs, and finalizing the trial design based on discussions with the FDA and other regulatory authorities. In the event that the FDA requires us to complete additional preclinical studies or we are required to satisfy other FDA requests, the start of our clinical trials may be delayed. Even after we receive and incorporate guidance from these regulatory authorities, the FDA or other regulatory authorities could disagree that we have satisfied their requirements to commence our clinical trial or change their position on the acceptability of our trial design or the clinical endpoints selected, which may require us to complete additional preclinical studies or clinical trials or impose stricter approval conditions than we currently expect. There are equivalent processes and risks applicable to clinical trial applications in other countries, including in Europe.

Commercialization of our product candidates will require additional preclinical and clinical development; regulatory and marketing approval in multiple jurisdictions, including by the FDA and the EMA; obtaining manufacturing supply, capacity and expertise; building of a commercial organization; and significant marketing efforts. The success of product candidates we identify and develop will depend on many factors, including the following:

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sufficiency of our financial and other resources to complete the necessary preclinical studies, IND-enabling studies, and clinical trials;

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successful enrollment in, and completion of, clinical trials;

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receipt of marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities;

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establishment of arrangements with third-party manufacturers for clinical supply and commercial manufacturing and, where applicable, commercial manufacturing capabilities;

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successful development of our internal manufacturing processes and transfer to larger-scale facilities operated by either a contract manufacturing organization (CMO), or by us;

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obtaining and maintaining patent, trade secret, and other intellectual property protection and non-patent exclusivity for our products;

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launching commercial sales of the products, if and when approved, whether alone or in collaboration with others;

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acceptance of the products, if and when approved, by patients, the medical community, and third-party payors;

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effectively competing with other therapies and treatment options;

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a continued acceptable safety profile of the products following approval;

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enforcing and defending intellectual property and proprietary rights and claims; and

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supplying the product that is cost-effective and acceptable to the pricing or reimbursement authorities in different countries.

Additionally, we may be required to change the prioritization of our research and development programs from time to time for a variety of reasons, including our determination that another of our existing or future product candidates has greater potential for clinical development, regulatory approval, or commercialization, including potentially greater therapeutic benefit, a more favorable safety or efficacy profile, a more consistent or more cost effective manufacturing process, or more a favorable commercial profile, including greater market acceptance or commercial potential, or more advantageous intellectual property position. Any shift in our research and development priorities could result in a delay in clinical development, or we may fail to prioritize programs that may ultimately have the greatest potential for technical or commercial success.

If we do not successfully complete one or more of the activities necessary to achieve regulatory approvals for our product candidates in a timely manner or at all, we could experience significant delays or an inability to successfully commercialize our product candidates, which would materially harm our business. If we do not receive regulatory approvals for our product candidates, we may not be able to continue our operations.

Our gene editing technology is not approved for human therapeutic use. The approaches we are taking to discover and develop novel therapeutics may never lead to marketable products.

We are focused on developing curative medicines utilizing the CRISPR gene editing technology. CRISPR-based gene editing technologies are relatively new and their therapeutic utility is largely unproven. Our successful development of products will require solving a number of issues, including developing or obtaining technologies to safely deliver a therapeutic agent into target cells within the human body or engineer human cells while outside of the body such that the modified cells can have a therapeutic effect when delivered to the patient, optimizing the efficacy and specificity of such products, and ensuring and demonstrating the therapeutic selectivity, efficacy, potency, purity and safety of such products. There can be no assurance we will be successful in solving any or all of these issues. Indeed, no gene editing cell therapy has been approved in the United States, the European Union (EU), other countries or other key jurisdictions. Accordingly, the potential to successfully obtain approval for any of our CRISPR technology-based therapies remains unproven.

Our future success also is highly dependent on the successful development of CRISPR-based gene editing technologies and therapeutic applications for the indications on which we have focused our ongoing research and development efforts. We may decide to alter or abandon these programs as new data become available and we gain experience in developing CRISPR-based therapeutics. We cannot be sure that our gene editing technologies will yield satisfactory products that are safe and effective, sufficiently pure or potent, manufacturable, scalable or profitable in our selected indications.

We are subject to additional development challenges and risks due to the novel nature of our gene editing technology.

Because our technology potentially involves gene editing across multiple cell and tissue types, we are subject to many of the challenges and risks that other gene editing therapeutics and gene therapies face, including:

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regulatory guidance regarding the requirements governing gene and gene editing therapy products have changed and may continue to change in the future;

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to date, only a limited number of products that involve gene therapy have been approved globally;

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improper modulation of a gene sequence, including unintended editing events or insertion of a sequence into certain locations in a patient’s chromosome, could lead to cancer, other aberrantly functioning cells or other diseases, including death;

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corrective expression of a missing protein in patients’ cells could result in the protein being recognized as foreign, and lead to a sustained immunological reaction against the expressed protein or expressing cells, which could be severe or life-threatening; and

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regulatory agencies may require extended follow-up observation periods of patients who receive treatment using gene editing products including, for example, the FDA’s recommended 15-year follow-up observation period for these patients, and we will need to adopt such observation periods for our product candidates if required by the relevant regulatory agency, which could vary by country or region.

Further, because our ex vivo product candidates involve editing human cells and then delivering modified cells to patients, we are subject to many of the challenges and risks that engineered cell therapies face. For example, clinical trials using engineered cell-based

gene therapies may require unique products to be created for each patient and such individualized manufacturing may be both inefficient and cost-prohibitive.

We may not be successful in our efforts to identify and develop potential product candidates. If these efforts are unsuccessful, we may never become a commercial stage company or generate any revenues.

The success of our business depends primarily upon our ability to identify, develop, and commercialize product candidates based on our gene editing platform. Our research programs may fail to identify potential product candidates for clinical development for a number of reasons: our research methodology may be unsuccessful in identifying potential product candidates; our potential product candidates may be shown to have harmful side effects in preclinical in vitro experiments or animal model studies; they may not show promising signals of therapeutic effect in such experiments or studies; or they may have other characteristics that may make the product candidates impractical to manufacture, unmarketable, or unlikely to receive marketing approval.

If any of these events occur, we may be forced to abandon our research or development efforts for a program or programs, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects and could potentially cause us to cease operations. Research programs to identify new product candidates require substantial technical, financial, and human resources. We may focus our efforts and resources on potential programs or product candidates that ultimately prove to be unsuccessful, which would be costly and time-consuming.

To date, we have not completed the evaluation of any product candidates in human clinical trials. It is impossible to predict when or if any product candidates we develop, including our product candidates, nula-cel, GPH102, GPH201 and GPH301, will ultimately prove safe in humans. In the genomic medicine field, there have been several significant adverse events from gene therapy treatments in the past, including reported cases of leukemia and death. There can be no assurance that our gene editing technologies will not cause severe or undesirable side effects.

A significant potential risk in any gene editing product is that the edit will be “off-target” and cause serious adverse events, undesirable side effects, or unexpected characteristics. For example, off-target cuts could lead to disruption of a gene or a genetic regulatory sequence at an unintended site in the DNA. We cannot be certain that off-target editing will not occur in any of our clinical studies. There is also the potential risk of delayed adverse events following exposure to gene editing therapy due to the potential for persistent biological activity of the genetic material or other components of products used to carry the genetic material. If any adverse events or side effects are caused by any product candidate we develop and test, the administration process or related procedures, our clinical trials could be delayed, suspended or terminated.

Viral vectors, including AAV, which are relatively new approaches used for disease treatment, also have known side effects, and for which additional risks could develop in the future. In past clinical trials that were conducted by others with certain viral vectors, significant side effects were caused by gene therapy treatments, including reported cases of myelodysplasia, leukemia and death. Other potential side effects could include an immunologic reaction and insertional oncogenesis, which is the process whereby the insertion of a functional gene near a gene that is important in cell growth or division results in uncontrolled cell division, which could potentially enhance the risk of cancer. If the vectors we use demonstrate a similar side effect, or other adverse events, we may be required to halt or delay further clinical development of any potential product candidates.

Furthermore, the FDA has stated that lentiviral vectors, which are used in certain gene integration approaches, possess characteristics that may pose high risks of delayed adverse events. Such delayed adverse events may also occur in other viral vectors, including AAV vectors. In addition to side effects and adverse events caused by our product candidates, the conditioning, administration process or related procedures which may be used to condition a patient for gene therapy treatment also can cause adverse side effects and adverse events. A gene therapy patient is generally administered cytotoxic drugs to remove stem cells from the bone marrow to create sufficient space in the bone marrow for the modified stem cells to engraft and produce new cells. This procedure compromises the patient’s immune system, and conditioning regimens have been associated with adverse events in clinical trial participants.

If any product candidates we develop are associated with serious adverse events, undesirable side effects, or unexpected characteristics, we may need to abandon their development or limit development to certain uses or subpopulations in which the serious adverse events, undesirable side effects or other characteristics are less prevalent, less severe, or more acceptable from a risk-benefit perspective, any of which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Many product candidates, including gene therapy product candidates, that initially showed promise in early stage testing have later been found to cause side effects that prevented further clinical development of the product candidates.

If we are unable to demonstrate that any of the above adverse events were caused by factors other than our product candidate, the FDA, the EMA or other regulatory authorities could order us to cease further development of, or deny approval of, any product candidates we are able to develop for any or all targeted indications. Even if we are able to demonstrate that all future serious adverse events are not product-related, such occurrences could affect patient recruitment. Moreover, if we elect, or are required, to delay, suspend or terminate any clinical trial of any product candidate we may develop, the commercial prospects of such product candidates may be

harmed and our ability to generate product revenues from any of these product candidates may be delayed or eliminated. Any of these occurrences may harm our ability to identify and develop product candidates and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, result of operations, and prospects.

Additionally, if we successfully develop a product candidate and it receives marketing approval, the FDA could require us to adopt a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS), to ensure that the benefits of treatment with such product candidate outweighs the risks for each potential patient, which may include, among other things, a medication guide outlining the risks of the product for distribution to patients, a communication plan to health care practitioners, extensive patient monitoring, or distribution systems and processes that are highly controlled, restrictive, and more costly than what is typical for the industry. Furthermore, if we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by any product candidate that we develop, several potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:

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regulatory authorities may suspend or withdraw approvals of such product candidate;

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regulatory authorities may require additional warnings on the label or limit the approved use of such product candidate;

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we may be required to conduct additional clinical trials;

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we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients; and

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our reputation may suffer.

Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of any of our product candidates and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

We may find it difficult to enroll patients in our clinical trials given the limited number of patients who have the diseases for which our product candidates may be developed. If we experience delays or difficulties in the enrollment of patients in clinical trials, our clinical development activities and our receipt of necessary regulatory approvals could be delayed or prevented.

We may not be able to initiate or continue clinical trials for any product candidates we identify or develop if we are unable to locate and enroll a sufficient number of eligible patients to participate in these trials as required by the FDA, the EMA or other analogous regulatory authorities outside the United States, or as needed to provide appropriate statistical power for a given trial. Enrollment may be particularly challenging for some of the rare genetically defined diseases we are targeting in our most advanced programs. In addition, if patients are unwilling to participate in our gene editing trials because of negative publicity from adverse events related to the biotechnology, gene therapy, or gene editing fields, competitive clinical trials for similar patient populations, clinical trials in competing products, or for other reasons, the timeline for recruiting patients, conducting studies, and obtaining regulatory approval of our product candidates may be delayed. Moreover, some of our competitors may have ongoing clinical trials for product candidates that would treat the same indications as our product candidates, and patients who would otherwise be eligible for our clinical trials may instead enroll in clinical trials of our competitors’ product candidates.

Patient enrollment is also affected by other factors, including:

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severity of the disease under investigation;

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size of the patient population and process for identifying patients;

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design of the trial protocol;

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availability and efficacy of approved medications for the disease under investigation;

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availability of genetic testing for potential patients;

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ability to obtain and maintain patient informed consent;

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risk that enrolled patients will drop out before completion of the trial;

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eligibility and exclusion criteria for the trial in question;

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perceived risks and benefits of the product candidate under trial;

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perceived risks and benefits of gene editing as a therapeutic approach;

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efforts to facilitate timely enrollment in clinical trials;

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patient referral practices of physicians;

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ability to monitor patients adequately during and after treatment; and

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proximity and availability of clinical trial sites for prospective patients, especially for those conditions which have small patient pools.

In addition, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has affected, and may continue to affect, the timing of our planned clinical trials. The surge of the Omicron variant, which began around the same time we initially opened our Phase 1/2 clinical trial of nula-cel for enrollment, impacted site resourcing, staffing and operations, resulting in longer timeframes than initially anticipated for participant screening and enrollment. In particular, the treatment of the first patient in our Phase 1/2 clinical trial was delayed due to a prospective participant becoming infected with COVID-19. We may continue to be adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, as the global healthcare community responded to the fluctuations in COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations, many hospitals, including those operating as clinical trial sites for other ongoing trials, temporarily paused elective procedures, which included dosing of new patients with investigational products. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic may cause delays in data collection and monitoring activities, which may present data integrity challenges or require modifications to our planned clinical trial protocols.

In addition, our ability to successfully initiate, enroll, and complete a clinical trial in any foreign country is subject to numerous risks unique to conducting business in foreign countries, including:

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difficulty in establishing or managing relationships with CROs and physicians;

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different standards for the conduct of clinical trials;

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different standard-of-care for patients with a particular disease;

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difficulty in locating qualified local consultants, physicians, and partners; and

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potential burden of complying with a variety of foreign laws, medical standards, and regulatory requirements, including the regulation of pharmaceutical and biotechnology products and treatment and of gene editing technologies.

Enrollment delays in our clinical trials may result in increased development costs for our product candidates, which would cause the value of our Company to decline and limit our ability to obtain additional financing. If we or our collaborators have difficulty enrolling a sufficient number of patients to conduct our clinical trials as planned, we may need to delay, limit, or terminate ongoing or planned clinical trials, any of which would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

If we are unable to successfully identify patients who are likely to benefit from therapy with our product candidates, or experience significant delays in doing so, we may not realize the full commercial potential of any products we may develop.

Our success may depend, in part, on our ability to identify patients who are likely to benefit from therapy with our product candidates, which requires those potential patients to have their DNA analyzed for the presence or absence of a particular sequence. If we, or any third parties that we engage to assist us, are unable to successfully identify such patients, or experience delays in doing so, then:

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our ability to develop our product candidates may be adversely affected if we are unable to appropriately select patients for enrollment in our clinical trials; and

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we may not realize the full commercial potential of any product candidates that receive marketing approval if, among other reasons, we are unable to appropriately select patients who are likely to benefit from therapy with our product candidates.

As a result of these factors, we may be unable to successfully develop and realize the commercial potential of our product candidates, and our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects would be materially adversely affected.

Even if we complete the necessary preclinical studies and clinical trials, the marketing approval process is expensive, time-consuming, and uncertain and may prevent us from obtaining approvals for the commercialization of our product candidates. If we are not able to obtain, or if there are delays in obtaining, required regulatory approvals, we will not be able to commercialize, or will be delayed in commercializing, product candidates we develop, and our ability to generate revenue will be materially impaired.

Any product candidates we develop and the activities associated with their development and commercialization, including their design, testing, manufacture, recordkeeping, labeling, storage, approval, advertising, promotion, sale, import, export, and distribution, are subject to comprehensive regulation by the FDA, the EMA and other regulatory authorities in the United States and by comparable authorities in other countries. Failure to obtain marketing approval for a product candidate will prevent us from commercializing the product candidate in a given jurisdiction. We have not received approval to market any product candidates from regulatory authorities in any jurisdiction. We have only limited experience in filing and supporting the applications necessary to gain marketing approvals and expect to rely on third parties to assist us in this process. Securing regulatory approval requires the submission of extensive preclinical and clinical data and supporting information to the various regulatory authorities for each therapeutic indication to establish the biological product candidate’s safety, purity, and potency. Securing regulatory approval also requires the submission of extensive information about the product manufacturing process, and inspection of manufacturing facilities by, the relevant regulatory authority.

Our product candidates may not be effective, may be only moderately effective, or may prove to have undesirable or unintended side effects, toxicities, or other characteristics that may preclude our obtaining marketing approval or prevent or limit commercial use.

The process of obtaining marketing approvals, both in the United States and abroad, is expensive, may take many years if approval is obtained at all, and can vary substantially based upon a variety of factors, including the type, complexity, and novelty of the product candidates involved. Changes in marketing approval policies during the development period, changes in or the enactment of additional statutes or regulations, or changes in regulatory review for each submitted product application, may cause delays in the approval or rejection of an application. The FDA and comparable authorities in other countries have substantial discretion in the approval process and may refuse to accept any application or may decide that our data is insufficient for approval and require additional preclinical, clinical, or other studies. In addition, varying interpretations of the data obtained from preclinical and clinical testing could delay, limit, or prevent marketing approval of a product candidate. Any marketing approval we ultimately obtain may be limited or subject to restrictions or post-approval commitments that render the approved product not commercially viable.

If we experience delays in obtaining approval or if we fail to obtain approval of our product candidates, the commercial prospects for those product candidates may be harmed, and our ability to generate revenues will be materially impaired.

We may expend our limited resources to pursue a particular product candidate or indication and fail to capitalize on product candidates or indications that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we focus on research programs and product candidates that we identify for specific indications among many potential options. As a result, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other product candidates or for other indications that later prove to have greater commercial potential. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities. Our spending on current and future research and development programs and product candidates for specific indications may not yield any commercially viable products. If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target market for a particular product candidate, we may relinquish valuable rights to that product candidate through collaboration, licensing, or other royalty arrangements in cases in which it would have been more advantageous for us to retain sole development and commercialization rights to such product candidate. Any such event could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Even if we complete the necessary clinical trials, we cannot predict when, or if, we will obtain regulatory approval to commercialize a product candidate we may develop in the United States or any other jurisdiction, and any such approval may be for a more narrow indication than we seek.

We cannot commercialize a product candidate until the appropriate regulatory authorities have reviewed and approved the product candidate. Even if our product candidates meet their safety and efficacy endpoints in clinical trials, the regulatory authorities may not complete their review processes in a timely manner, or we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval. Additional delays may result if an FDA Advisory Committee or other regulatory authority recommends non-approval or restrictions on approval. In addition, we may experience delays or rejections based upon additional government regulation from future legislation or administrative action, or changes in regulatory authority policy during the period of product development, clinical trials, and the review process.

Regulatory authorities also may approve a product candidate for more limited indications than requested or they may impose significant limitations in the form of narrow indications, warnings or a REMS. These regulatory authorities may require labeling that includes precautions or contraindications with respect to conditions of use, or they may grant approval subject to the performance of costly post-marketing clinical trials. In addition, regulatory authorities may not approve the labeling claims that are necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization of our product candidates. Any of the foregoing scenarios could materially harm the commercial prospects for our product candidates and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Marketing approval by the FDA in the United States, if obtained, does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions. In addition, clinical trials conducted in one country may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other countries, and regulatory approval in one country does not guarantee regulatory approval in any other country. Approval processes vary among countries and can involve additional product candidate testing and validation and additional administrative review periods. Seeking regulatory approval outside the United States could result in difficulties and costs for us and require additional preclinical studies or clinical trials which could be costly and time-consuming. Regulatory requirements can vary widely from country to country and could delay or prevent the introduction of our product candidates in those countries. The foreign regulatory approval process involves all of the risks associated with FDA approval. We do not have any product candidates approved for sale in any jurisdiction, including international markets, and we do not have experience in obtaining regulatory approval in international markets. If we fail to comply with regulatory requirements in international markets or to obtain and maintain required approvals, or if regulatory approvals in international markets are delayed, our target market will be reduced and our ability to realize the full market potential of our product candidates will be unrealized.

Our product candidates may fail to achieve the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors, and others in the medical community necessary for commercial success.

The commercial success of any of our product candidates will depend upon its degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors, and others in the medical community. Ethical, social, and legal concerns about genetic medicines generally and gene editing technologies specifically could result in additional regulations restricting or prohibiting the marketing of our product candidates. Even if our product candidates receive marketing approval, they may nonetheless fail to gain sufficient market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors, and others in the medical community. The degree of market acceptance of our product candidates, if approved for commercial sale, will depend on a number of factors, including:

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the efficacy and safety of such product candidates as demonstrated in clinical trials;

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the potential and perceived advantages compared to alternative treatments;

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the limitation to our targeted patient population and limitations or warnings contained in approved labeling by the FDA or other regulatory authorities;

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the ability to offer our products for sale at cost-effective or competitive prices;

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convenience and ease of administration compared to alternative treatments;

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the clinical indications for which the product candidate is approved by the FDA, the EMA, or other regulatory agencies;

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public attitudes regarding genetic medicine generally and gene editing technologies specifically;

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the willingness of the target patient population to try novel therapies and of physicians to prescribe these therapies, as well as their willingness to accept a therapeutic intervention that involves the editing of the patient’s gene;

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product labeling or product insert requirements of the FDA, the EMA, or other regulatory authorities,

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including any limitations or warnings contained in a product’s approved labeling;

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relative convenience and ease of administration;

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the timing of market introduction of competitive products;

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publicity concerning our products or competing products and treatments;

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the strength and effectiveness of sales, marketing and distribution efforts;

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sufficient third-party coverage and adequate reimbursement, including the ability to supply product that is cost-effective and acceptable to the pricing or reimbursement authorities in different countries; and

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the prevalence and severity of any side effects.

Even if any of our product candidates obtain regulatory approval, such products may not achieve an adequate level of acceptance, we may not generate or derive sufficient product revenues, and we may not become profitable.

The development and commercialization of new drug products is highly competitive. Moreover, the gene editing field is characterized by rapidly changing technologies, significant competition, and a strong emphasis on intellectual property. We will face competition with respect to any product candidates that we may develop or commercialize in the future from major pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies, and biotechnology companies worldwide. Potential competitors also include academic institutions, government agencies, and other public and private research organizations that conduct research, seek patent protection, and establish collaborative arrangements for research, development, manufacturing, and commercialization.

There are a number of large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies that currently market and sell products or are pursuing the development of products for the treatment of the disease indications for which we have research programs. Some of these competitive products and therapies are based on scientific approaches that are the same as or similar to our approach, and others are based on entirely different approaches.

There are several other companies advancing gene editing and gene editing and gene therapy product candidates in preclinical or clinical development in sickle cell disease, including Beam Therapeutics Inc., bluebird bio, Inc., Cellectis SA, CRISPR Therapeutics AG, Editas Medicine, Inc., Intellia Therapeutics, Inc., and Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc. Companies advancing gene therapy programs in beta-thalassemia include bluebird bio, Inc., CRISPR Therapeutics AG, Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc. and Edigene Inc. Companies advancing gene therapy programs in XSCID include Mustang Bio, Inc. Companies advancing gene therapy programs in Gaucher Disease include AVROBio, Inc. and Freeline Therapeutics Holdings plc. Companies advancing gene editing and gene therapy programs in preclinical development for AAT deficiency include Beam Therapeutics Inc., Editas Medicine, Inc., Intellia Therapeutics, Inc., Krystal

Biotech Inc., Apic Bio Inc., and LogicBio Therapeutics Inc. Companies combining CRISPR with HDR (homology directed repair) include CRISPR Therapeutics AG, which, for oncology applications, inserts a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) construct into the TCR alpha constant (TRAC) locus in T-cells using HDR. Additionally, an academic collaboration between the University of California, San Francisco and the University of California, Los Angeles is seeking to correct the sickle cell mutation using CRISPR followed by delivery of a single-stranded oligonucleotide DNA donor to potentially harness HDR.

Any product candidates that we successfully develop and commercialize will compete with existing therapies and new therapies that may become available in the future that are approved to treat the same diseases for which we may obtain approval for our product candidates. This may include other types of therapies, such as small molecule, antibody, and/or protein therapies.

Many of our current or potential competitors, either alone or with their collaboration partners, may have significantly greater financial resources and expertise than we do in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals, and marketing approved products. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and gene therapy industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These competitors also compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel and establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs. Our commercial opportunity could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize product candidates that are safer, more effective, have fewer or less severe side effects, are more convenient, or are less expensive than any product candidates that we may develop or that would render any product candidates that we may develop obsolete or non-competitive. Our competitors also may obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their product candidates more rapidly than we may obtain approval for ours, which could result in our competitors establishing a strong market position before we are able to enter the market. Additionally, technologies developed by our competitors may render our potential product candidates uneconomical or obsolete, and we may not be successful in marketing our product candidates against competitors.

In addition, as a result of the expiration or successful challenge of our patent rights, we could face more litigation with respect to the validity and/or scope of patents relating to our competitors’ products. The availability of our competitors’ products could limit the demand, and the price we are able to charge, for any product candidates that we may develop and commercialize.

If, in the future, we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to sell and market our product candidates, we may not be successful in commercializing those product candidates if and when they are approved.

We do not have a sales or marketing infrastructure and have limited experience in the sale, marketing, or distribution of pharmaceutical products. To achieve commercial success for any approved products for which we retain sales and marketing responsibilities, we must either develop a sales and marketing organization or outsource these functions to third parties. In the future, we may choose to build a focused sales, marketing, and commercial support infrastructure to sell, or participate in sales activities with our collaborators for, some of our product candidates if and when they are approved.

There are risks involved with both establishing our own commercial capabilities and entering into arrangements with third parties to perform these services. For example, recruiting and training a sales force or reimbursement specialists is expensive and time consuming and could delay any product launch. If the commercial launch of a product candidate for which we recruit a sales force and establish marketing and other commercialization capabilities is delayed or does not occur for any reason, we would have prematurely or unnecessarily incurred these commercialization expenses. This may be costly, and our investment would be lost if we cannot retain or reposition our commercialization personnel.

Factors that may inhibit our efforts to commercialize our product candidates on our own include:

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our inability to recruit and retain adequate numbers of effective sales, marketing, reimbursement, customer service, medical affairs, and other support personnel;

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the inability of sales personnel to obtain access to physicians or educate adequate numbers of physicians on the benefits of prescribing any future products;

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the inability of reimbursement professionals to negotiate arrangements for formulary access, reimbursement, and other acceptance by payors;

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restricted or closed distribution channels that make it difficult to distribute our product candidates to segments of the patient population;

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the lack of complementary products to be offered by sales personnel, which may put us at a competitive disadvantage relative to companies with more extensive product lines; and

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unforeseen costs and expenses associated with creating an independent commercialization organization.

If we enter into arrangements with third parties to perform sales, marketing, commercial support, and distribution services, our product revenues or the profitability of these product revenues to us may be lower than if we were to market and sell any products we may develop ourselves. In addition, we may not be successful in entering into arrangements with third parties to commercialize our product candidates or may be unable to do so on terms that are favorable to us. We may have little control over such third parties, and any of them may fail to devote the necessary resources and attention to sell and market our products effectively. If we do not establish commercialization capabilities successfully, either on our own or in collaboration with third parties, we will not be successful in commercializing our product candidates.

Adverse public perception of genetic medicines and gene editing in particular, may negatively impact regulatory approval of, and/or demand for, our potential products, if approved.

Our potential therapeutic products involve editing the human genome. The clinical and commercial success of our potential products will depend in part on public understanding and acceptance of the use of gene editing therapy for the prevention or treatment of human diseases. Public perception and related media coverage of potential gene therapy-related efficacy or safety issues, including adoption of new therapeutics or novel approaches to treatment, as well as ethical concerns related specifically to gene editing, may adversely influence the willingness of subjects to participate in clinical trials, or if any therapeutic is approved, of physicians and patients to accept these novel and personalized treatments. Physicians, health care providers and third-party payors often are slow to adopt new products, technologies and treatment practices, particularly those that may also require additional upfront costs and training. Physicians may not be willing to undergo training to adopt these novel and potentially personalized therapies, may decide the particular therapy is too complex or potentially risky to adopt without appropriate training, and may choose not to administer the therapy. Further, due to health conditions, genetic profile or other reasons, certain patients may not be candidates for the therapies.

In addition, responses by federal and state agencies, congressional committees and foreign governments to negative public perception, ethical concerns or financial considerations may result in new legislation, regulations, or medical standards, such as stricter labeling requirements, that could limit our ability to develop or commercialize any product candidates, obtain or maintain regulatory approval or otherwise achieve profitability. New government requirements may be established that could delay or prevent regulatory approval of our product candidates under development. It is impossible to predict whether legislative changes will be enacted, regulations, policies or guidance changed, or interpretations by agencies or courts changed, or what the impact of such changes, if any, may be. Based on these and other factors, health care providers and payors may decide that the benefits of these new therapies do not or will not outweigh their costs.

More restrictive government regulations or negative public opinion would have a negative effect on our business or financial condition and may delay or impair our development and commercialization of product candidates or demand for our product candidates. Adverse events in our preclinical studies or clinical trials or those of our competitors or of academic researchers utilizing gene editing technologies, even if not ultimately attributable to product candidates we identify and develop, and the resulting publicity could result in increased governmental regulation, unfavorable public perception, potential regulatory delays in the testing or approval of potential product candidates we identify and develop, stricter labeling requirements for those product candidates that are approved, and a decrease in demand for any such product candidates. Use of gene editing technology by a third party or government to develop biological agents or products that threaten U.S. national security could similarly result in such negative impacts to us.

Even if we are able to commercialize any product candidates, such products may become subject to unfavorable pricing regulations, third-party reimbursement practices, or healthcare reform initiatives, which would harm our business.

The regulations that govern marketing approvals, pricing, and reimbursement for new products vary widely from country to country. Some countries require approval of the sale price of a product before it can be marketed. In many countries, the pricing review period begins after marketing or product licensing approval is granted. In some foreign markets, prescription pharmaceutical pricing remains subject to continuing governmental control even after initial approval is granted. As a result, we might obtain marketing approval for a product in a particular country, but then be subject to price regulations that delay or might even prevent our commercial launch of the product, possibly for lengthy time periods, and negatively impact the revenues we are able to generate from the sale of the product in that country. Adverse pricing limitations may hinder our ability to recoup our investment in one or more product candidates we develop, even if any of our product candidates obtain marketing approval. See section entitled “Business – Government Regulation - Pharmaceutical Coverage, Pricing and Reimbursement” in Part I Item 1, Business of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Our ability to commercialize any products successfully also will depend in part on the extent to which reimbursement for these products and related treatments will be available from government authorities or healthcare programs, private health plans, and other organizations. Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health plans, decide which medications they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. A primary trend in the U.S. healthcare industry is cost containment. Government authorities and other third-party payors have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medications. Increasingly, third-party payors are challenging the prices charged for medical products and requiring that drug companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices. Novel medical products, if covered at all, may be subject to enhanced utilization management controls designed to ensure that the products are used only when medically necessary. Such utilization management controls may discourage the prescription or use of a medical product by increasing the administrative burden associated with its prescription or creating coverage uncertainties for prescribers and patients. We cannot be sure that reimbursement will be available for any products that we commercialize and, if reimbursement is available, that the level of reimbursement will be adequate.

Reimbursement may impact the demand for, or the price of, any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval. If reimbursement is not available or is available only to limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval.

There may be significant delays in obtaining reimbursement for newly approved products, and coverage may be more limited than the purposes for which the product is approved by the FDA, the EMA or other regulatory authorities outside the United States. Moreover, eligibility for reimbursement does not imply that any product will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture, sale, and distribution. Interim reimbursement levels for new products, if applicable, may also not be sufficient to cover our costs and may not be made permanent. Reimbursement rates may vary according to the use of the product and the clinical setting in which it is used, may be based on reimbursement levels already set for lower cost products and may be incorporated into existing payments for other services. Net prices for products may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs or private payors and by any future relaxation of laws that presently restrict imports of products from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the United States. Our inability to promptly obtain coverage and profitable payment rates from both government-funded and private payors for any approved products we may develop could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, our ability to raise capital needed to commercialize products, and our overall financial condition.

Due to the novel nature of our technology and the potential for our product candidates to offer therapeutic benefit in a single administration or limited number of administrations, we face uncertainty related to pricing and reimbursement for these product candidates.

Our initial target patient populations are relatively small, as a result of which the pricing and reimbursement of any of our product candidates, if approved, must be adequate to support the necessary commercial infrastructure. See section entitled “Business – Government Regulation - Pharmaceutical Coverage, Pricing and Reimbursement” in Part I Item 1, Business of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021. If we are unable to obtain adequate levels of reimbursement, our ability to successfully market and sell any such product candidates will be adversely affected. The manner and level at which reimbursement is provided for services related to any product candidates we develop (e.g., for administration of our product candidate to patients) is also important. Inadequate reimbursement for such services may lead to physician and payor resistance and adversely affect our ability to market or sell our product candidates. In addition, we may need to develop new reimbursement models in order to realize adequate value. Payors may not be able or willing to adopt such new models, and patients may be unable to afford that portion of the cost that such models may require them to bear. If we determine such new models are necessary but we are unsuccessful in developing them, or if such models are not adopted by payors, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects could be adversely affected.

We expect the cost of a single administration of a gene editing therapy, such as those we are seeking to develop, to be substantial, when and if they achieve regulatory approval. We expect that coverage and reimbursement by government and private payors will be essential for most patients to be able to afford these treatments. Accordingly, sales of any such product candidates will depend substantially, both domestically and abroad, on the extent to which the costs of any of our product candidates will be paid by government authorities, private health plans, and other third-party payors. Payors may not be willing to pay high prices for a single administration. Coverage and reimbursement by a third-party payor may depend upon several factors, including the third-party payor’s determination that use of a product is:

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a covered benefit under its health plan;

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safe, effective, and medically necessary;

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appropriate for the specific patient;

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cost-effective; and

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neither experimental nor investigational.

Obtaining coverage and reimbursement for a product from third-party payors is a time-consuming and costly process that could require us to provide to the payor supporting scientific, clinical, and cost-effectiveness data. There is significant uncertainty related to third-party coverage and reimbursement of newly approved products. We may not be able to provide data sufficient to gain acceptance with respect to coverage and reimbursement. If coverage and reimbursement are not available, or are available only at limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize any of our product candidates. Even if coverage is provided, the approved reimbursement amount may not be adequate to realize a sufficient return on our investment.

In the United States, no uniform policy exists for coverage and reimbursement for products among third-party payors. Therefore, decisions regarding the extent of coverage and amount of reimbursement to be provided can differ significantly from payor to payor. The process for determining whether a payor will provide coverage for a product may be separate from the process for setting the reimbursement rate a payor will pay for the product. One third-party payor’s decision to cover a particular product or service does not ensure that other payors will also provide coverage for the medical product or service. Third-party payors may limit coverage to specific products on an approved list or formulary, which may not include all FDA-approved products for a particular indication.

Further, third-party payors are increasingly challenging the price and examining the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of medical products and services, in addition to their safety and efficacy. In order to secure coverage and reimbursement for any product that might be approved for sale, we may need to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic studies in order to demonstrate the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of our products, in addition to the costs required to obtain FDA or comparable regulatory approvals.

Additionally, we may also need to provide discounts to purchasers, private health plans or government healthcare programs. Despite our best efforts, our product candidates may not be considered medically necessary or cost-effective. If third-party payors do not consider a product to be cost-effective compared to other available therapies, they may not cover an approved product as a benefit under their plans or, if they do, the level of payment may not be sufficient to allow us to sell our products at a profit. A decision by a third-party payor not to cover a product could reduce physician utilization once the product is approved and have a material adverse effect on sales, our operations and financial condition. Finally, in some foreign countries, the proposed pricing for a product candidate must be approved before it may be lawfully marketed. The requirements governing product pricing vary widely from country to country. For example, in the EU, pricing and reimbursement of pharmaceutical products are regulated at a national level under the individual EU Member States’ social security systems. Some foreign countries provide options to restrict the range of medicinal products for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and can control the prices of medicinal products for human use. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval, some of these countries may require the completion of clinical trials that compare the cost effectiveness of a particular product candidate to currently available therapies. A country may approve a specific price for the medicinal product or it may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the company placing the medicinal product on the market. There can be no assurance that any country that has price controls or reimbursement limitations for products will allow favorable reimbursement and pricing arrangements for any of our product candidates. Even if approved for reimbursement, historically, product candidates launched in some foreign countries, such as some countries in the EU, do not follow price structures of the United States and prices generally tend to be significantly lower.

If the market opportunities for any product candidates we develop are smaller than we believe they are, our potential revenues may be adversely affected, and our business may suffer. Because the target patient populations for many of our product candidates are small, we must be able to successfully identify patients and achieve a significant market share to maintain profitability and growth.

We focus our research and product development on treatments for rare genetically defined diseases. Many of our product candidates are expected to target a single mutation; as a result, the relevant patient population may therefore be small. Our projections of both the number of people who have these diseases, as well as the subset of people with these diseases who have the potential to benefit from treatment with our product candidates, are based on estimates. These estimates may prove to be incorrect and new studies may change the estimated incidence or prevalence of these diseases. The number of patients in the United States, Europe, and elsewhere may turn out to be lower than expected, and patients may not be amenable to treatment with our product candidates, or may become increasingly difficult to identify or gain access to, all of which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Additionally, because of the potential that any product candidates we develop could cure a target disease, we may not receive recurring revenues from patients and may deplete the patient population prevalence through curative therapy.

Genetic medicines are novel, and any product candidates we develop may be complex and difficult to manufacture. We could experience delays in complying with regulatory requirements or production problems that result in delays in our development or commercialization programs, limit the supply of our product candidates, or otherwise harm our business.

Our product candidates will likely require processing steps that are more complex than those required for most chemical pharmaceuticals. Moreover, unlike chemical pharmaceuticals, the physical and chemical properties of a biologic such as the product candidates we are developing generally cannot be fully characterized. As a result, assays of the finished product candidate may not be sufficient to ensure that the product candidate will perform in the intended manner. Problems with the manufacturing process, even minor deviations from the normal process, could result in product defects or manufacturing failures that result in unusable products, product recalls, product liability claims, insufficient inventory, or potentially delay progression of our potential IND filings. We may also encounter problems achieving adequate quantities and quality of clinical-grade materials that meet FDA, EMA or other comparable applicable foreign standards or specifications with consistent and acceptable production yields and costs. For example, the current approach of manufacturing AAV vectors may fall short of supplying required number of doses needed for advanced stages of pre-clinical studies or clinical trials, and the FDA may ask us to demonstrate that we have the appropriate manufacturing processes in place to support the higher-dose group in our future pre-clinical studies or clinical trials.

In addition, the FDA, the EMA, and other regulatory authorities may require us to submit samples of any of the approved product together with the protocols showing the results of applicable tests at any time. Under some circumstances, the FDA, the EMA, or other regulatory authorities may require that we not distribute a sample until the agency authorizes its release. Slight deviations in the manufacturing process, including those affecting quality attributes and stability, may result in unacceptable changes in the product that could result in product recalls. Product recalls could cause us to delay clinical trials or product launches, which could be costly to us and otherwise harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

We also may encounter problems hiring and retaining the experienced scientific, quality control, and manufacturing personnel needed to manage our manufacturing process, which could result in delays in our production or difficulties in maintaining compliance with applicable regulatory requirements.

Given the nature of biologics manufacturing, including for AAV vectors, there is a risk of contamination during manufacturing. Any contamination could materially harm our ability to produce product candidates on schedule and could harm our results of operations and cause reputational damage. Some of the raw materials that we anticipate will be required in our manufacturing process are derived from biologic sources. Such raw materials are difficult to procure and may be subject to contamination or recall. A material shortage, contamination, recall, or restriction on the use of biologically derived substances in the manufacture of our current or future product

candidates could adversely impact or disrupt the commercial manufacturing or the production of clinical material, which could materially harm our development timelines and our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Any problems in our manufacturing process or the facilities with which we contract could make us a less attractive collaborator for potential partners, including larger pharmaceutical companies and academic research institutions, which could limit our access to additional attractive development programs. Problems in third-party manufacturing process or facilities also could restrict our ability to ensure sufficient clinical material for our planned clinical trials and to meet market demand for any product candidates we develop and commercialize.

Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and could limit commercialization of our product candidates.

We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the testing in human clinical trials of our product candidates and will face an even greater risk if we commercially sell any products we develop. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims that our product candidates caused injuries, we could incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

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decreased demand for any of our current or future product candidates;

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injury to our reputation and significant negative media attention;

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withdrawal of clinical trial participants;

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significant time and costs to defend the related litigation;

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substantial monetary awards to trial participants or patients;

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loss of revenue; and

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the inability to commercialize our product candidates.

Although we maintain product liability insurance coverage, it may not be adequate to cover all liabilities that we may incur. We anticipate that we will need to increase our insurance coverage when we begin clinical trials and if we successfully commercialize any products. Insurance coverage is increasingly expensive. We may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in an amount adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise.

If we or any contract manufacturers and suppliers we engage fail to comply with environmental, health, and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business.

We and any contract manufacturers and suppliers we engage are subject to numerous federal, state, and local environmental, health, and safety laws, regulations, and permitting requirements, including those governing laboratory procedures; the generation, handling, use, storage, treatment, and disposal of hazardous and regulated materials and wastes; the emission and discharge of hazardous materials into the ground, air, and water; and employee health and safety. Our operations involve the use of hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and biological and radioactive materials. Our operations also produce hazardous waste. We generally contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and wastes. We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from these materials. In the event of contamination or injury resulting from our use of hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources. Under certain environmental laws, we could be held responsible for costs relating to any contamination at our current or past facilities and at third-party facilities. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties.

Compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations may be expensive, and current or future environmental laws and regulations may impair our research and product development efforts. In addition, we cannot entirely eliminate the risk of accidental injury or contamination from these materials or wastes. Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of hazardous materials, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. We do not carry specific biological or hazardous waste insurance coverage, and our property, casualty, and general liability insurance policies specifically exclude coverage for damages and fines arising from biological or hazardous waste exposure or contamination. Accordingly, in the event of contamination or injury, we could be held liable for damages or be penalized with fines in an amount exceeding our resources, and our clinical trials or regulatory approvals could be suspended, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

In addition, we may incur substantial costs in order to comply with current or future environmental, health, and safety laws, regulations, and permitting requirements. These current or future laws, regulations, and permitting requirements may impair our research, development, or production efforts. Failure to comply with these laws, regulations, and permitting requirements also may result in substantial fines, penalties, or other sanctions or business disruption, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Any third-party contract manufacturers and suppliers we engage will also be subject to these and other environmental, health, and safety laws and regulations. Liabilities they incur pursuant to these laws and regulations could result in significant costs or an interruption in operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Risks Related to Our Relationships with Third Parties

We expect to rely on third parties to conduct our clinical trials and some aspects of our research and preclinical testing, and those third parties may not perform satisfactorily, including failing to meet deadlines for the completion of such trials, research, or testing.

We currently rely and expect to continue to rely on third parties, such as CROs, clinical data management organizations, medical institutions, and clinical investigators, to conduct some aspects of our research and preclinical testing, and we expect to rely on third parties to help conduct our ongoing and planned clinical trials. Any of these third parties may terminate their engagements with us at any time under certain criteria. If we need to enter into alternative arrangements, it may delay our product development activities.

Our reliance on these third parties to conduct clinical trials and for research and development activities will reduce our control over these activities but will not relieve us of our responsibilities. For example, we are and will remain responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the general investigational plan and protocols for the trial. Moreover, the FDA, the EMA and other regulatory authorities require us to comply with standards, commonly referred to as Good Clinical Practices, for conducting, recording, and reporting the results of clinical trials to assure that data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the rights, integrity, and confidentiality of trial participants are protected.

Although we intend to design the clinical trials for our product candidates, CROs will conduct some or all of the clinical trials. As a result, many important aspects of our development programs, including their conduct and timing, will be outside of our direct control. Our reliance on third parties to conduct current and future preclinical studies and clinical trials will also result in less direct control over the management of data developed through preclinical studies and clinical trials than would be the case if we were relying entirely upon our own staff. Communicating with third parties can also be challenging, potentially leading to mistakes as well as difficulties in coordinating activities. Third parties may:

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have staffing difficulties;

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fail to comply with contractual obligations;

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experience regulatory compliance issues;

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undergo changes in priorities or become financially distressed; or

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form relationships with other entities, some of which may be our competitors.

These factors may materially adversely affect the willingness or ability of third parties to conduct our preclinical studies and clinical trials and may subject us to unexpected cost increases or delays that are beyond our control. If the CROs and other third parties do not perform preclinical studies and future clinical trials in a satisfactory manner, breach their obligations to us or fail to comply with regulatory requirements, the development, regulatory approval and commercialization of our product candidates may be delayed, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval and commercialize our product candidates, or our development programs may be materially and irreversibly harmed. If we are unable to rely on preclinical and clinical data collected by our CROs and other third parties, we could be required to repeat, extend the duration of, or increase the size of any preclinical studies or clinical trials we conduct and this could significantly delay commercialization and require greater expenditures, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, result of operations, and prospects.

We also expect to rely on third parties to store and distribute drug supplies for our clinical trials. Any performance failure on the part of our distributors could delay clinical development or marketing approval of our product candidates or commercialization of our therapies, producing additional losses and depriving us of potential product revenue.

Dr. Matthew Porteus, our co-founder and a member of our board of directors, may have actual or potential conflicts of interest because of his position with Stanford.

Dr. Porteus serves on our board of directors, our Scientific & Clinical Advisory Board and as our paid consultant and retains his position and affiliation with Stanford. Furthermore, Dr. Porteus holds shares of our restricted common stock subject to vesting based, among other things, on his continued service to us as a director, employee or consultant. Dr. Porteus’ position at Stanford creates, or may create the appearance of, conflicts of interest when we ask Dr. Porteus to make decisions that could have different implications for Stanford than the decisions have for us or for himself, including decisions related to our license of intellectual property rights from Stanford and other contractual relationships we may enter into from time to time with Stanford.

We contract with third parties for the manufacture of materials for our research programs and preclinical studies and expect to continue to do so for clinical trials and for commercialization of our product candidates. This reliance on third parties increases the risk that we will not have sufficient quantities of such materials, product candidates, or any products that we may develop and

commercialize, or that such supply will not be available to us at an acceptable cost or timelines, which could delay, prevent, or impair our development or commercialization efforts.

We do not have any manufacturing facilities at the present time. We currently rely on third-party manufacturers for the manufacture of materials for our research programs and preclinical studies, including our viral vectors, GMP plasmids, RNA guides and Cas9, and expect to continue to rely on third parties, including Stanford, for our ongoing and planned clinical trials and for commercialization of any product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. For example, we rely on third parties to manufacture viral vectors. We do not have a long term supply agreement with any of our third-party manufacturers, and we purchase our required supply on a purchase order basis, which means that aside from any binding purchase orders we have from time to time, our third-party manufacturers could cease manufacturing for us or change the terms on which they are willing to continue manufacturing for us at any time.

We may be unable to establish any agreements with third-party manufacturers or to do so on acceptable terms for one or more of our material needs. Even if we are able to establish agreements with third-party manufacturers, reliance on third-party manufacturers entails additional risks, including:

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the possible failure of the third party to manufacture our product candidates according to our schedule, or at all, including if the third party gives greater priority to the supply of other products over our product candidates or otherwise do not satisfactorily perform according to the terms of the agreements between us and them;

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the possible breach of the manufacturing agreement by the third party;

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the possible misappropriation of our proprietary information, including our trade secrets and know-how;

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the possible termination or nonrenewal of the agreement by the third party at a time that is costly or inconvenient for us; and

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reliance on the third party for regulatory compliance, quality assurance, safety, and pharmacovigilance and related reporting.

Third-party manufacturers may not be able to comply with cGMP regulations or similar regulatory requirements outside the United States. Our failure, or the failure of our third-party manufacturers, to comply with applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including fines, injunctions, civil penalties, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, license revocations, seizures or recalls of product candidates, operating restrictions, and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect supplies of our products and harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Any products that we may develop may compete with other product candidates and products for access to manufacturing facilities. There are a limited number of suppliers or manufacturers that operate under cGMP regulations and that might be capable of manufacturing for us. For example, since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, several vaccines for COVID-19 have been granted Emergency Use Authorization by the FDA, and a number of those later received marketing approval. Additional vaccines may be authorized or approved in the future. The resultant demand for vaccines and potential for manufacturing facilities and materials to be commandeered under the Defense Production Act of 1950, or equivalent foreign legislation, may make it more difficult to obtain materials or manufacturing slots for the products needed for our clinical trials, which could lead to delays in these trials.

Any performance failure on the part of our existing or future manufacturers could delay clinical development or marketing approval. We do not currently have arrangements in place for redundant supply for bulk drug substances. If any one of our current contract manufacturer cannot perform as agreed, we may be required to replace that manufacturer, or we may be forced to manufacture the materials ourselves, for which we may not have the capabilities or resources, or enter into an agreement with a different third-party manufacturer, which we may not be able to do on reasonable terms, if at all. In either scenario, our clinical trials supply could be delayed significantly as we establish alternative supply sources. In some cases, the technical skills required to manufacture our products or product candidates may be unique or proprietary to the original third-party manufacturer and we may have difficulty, or there may be contractual restrictions prohibiting us from, transferring such skills to a back-up or alternate supplier, or we may be unable to transfer such skills at all. In addition, if we are required to change third-party manufacturers for any reason, we will be required to verify that the new third-party manufacturer maintains facilities and procedures that comply with quality standards and with all applicable regulations. We will also need to verify, such as through a manufacturing comparability study, that any new manufacturing process will produce our product candidate according to the specifications previously submitted to the FDA or another regulatory authority. The delays associated with the verification of a new third- party manufacturer could negatively affect our ability to develop product candidates or commercialize our products in a timely manner or within budget. Furthermore, a third-party manufacturer may possess technology related to the manufacture of our product candidate that such third-party manufacturer owns independently. This would increase our reliance on such third-party manufacturer or require us to obtain a license from such third- party manufacturer in order to have another third-party manufacturer manufacture our product candidates. In addition, changes in manufacturers often involve changes in manufacturing procedures and processes, which could require that we conduct bridging studies between our prior clinical supply used in our clinical trials and that of any new manufacturer. We may be unsuccessful in demonstrating the comparability of clinical supplies which could require the conduct of additional clinical trials.

Our current and anticipated future dependence upon others for the manufacture of our product candidates or any products may adversely affect our future profit margins and our ability to commercialize any products that receive marketing approval on a timely and competitive basis.

We may enter into collaborations with third parties for the research, development, and commercialization of certain of the product candidates we may develop. If any such collaborations are not successful, we may not be able to capitalize on the market potential of those product candidates.

We may seek third-party collaborators for the research, development, and commercialization of certain of the product candidates we may develop. If we enter into any such arrangements with any third parties, we will likely have limited control over the amount and timing of resources that our collaborators dedicate to the development or commercialization of any product candidates we may seek to develop with them. Our ability to generate revenues from these arrangements will depend on our collaborators’ abilities to successfully perform the functions assigned to them in these arrangements. We cannot predict the success of any collaboration that we enter into.

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Collaborations involving our research programs or our product candidates pose numerous risks to us, including the following:

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Collaborators have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to these collaborations.

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Collaborators may not pursue development and commercialization of our product candidates or may elect not to continue or renew development or commercialization programs based on clinical trial results, changes in the collaborator’s strategic focus or available funding or external factors such as an acquisition that diverts resources or creates competing priorities. If a present or future collaborator of ours were to be involved in a business combination, the continued pursuit and emphasis on our product development or commercialization program under such collaboration could be delayed, diminished, or terminated.

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Collaborators may delay clinical trials, provide insufficient funding for a clinical trial program, stop a clinical trial or abandon a product candidate, repeat or conduct new clinical trials, or require a new formulation of a product candidate for clinical testing.

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Collaborators could independently develop, or develop with third parties, products that compete directly or indirectly with our product candidates if the collaborators believe that competitive products are more likely to be successfully developed or can be commercialized under terms that are more economically attractive than ours.

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Collaborators with marketing and distribution rights to one or more products may not commit sufficient resources to the marketing and distribution of such products.

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Collaborators may not properly obtain, maintain, enforce, or defend our intellectual property or proprietary rights or may use our proprietary information in such a way as to invite litigation that could jeopardize or invalidate our proprietary information or expose us to potential litigation.

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Disputes may arise between the collaborators and us that result in the delay or termination of the research, development, or commercialization of our therapies or product candidates or that result in costly litigation or arbitration that diverts management attention and resources.

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Collaborators may not provide us with timely and accurate information regarding development progress and activities under the collaboration or may limit our ability to share such information, which could adversely impact our ability to report progress to our investors and otherwise plan our own development of our product candidates.

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We may lose certain valuable rights under circumstances identified in our collaborations, including if we undergo a change of control.

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Collaborators may require us to incur non-recurring and other charges, increase our near- and long- term expenditures, issue securities that dilute our existing stockholders, or disrupt our management and business.

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Collaborations may be terminated and, if terminated, may result in a need for additional capital to pursue further development or commercialization of the applicable product candidates we develop.

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Collaboration agreements may not lead to development or commercialization of product candidates in the most efficient manner or at all.

If our collaborations do not result in the successful development and commercialization of product candidates, or if one of our collaborators terminates its agreement with us, we may not receive any future research funding or milestone or royalty payments under the collaboration. If we do not receive the funding we expect under these agreements, our development of product candidates could be delayed, and we may need additional resources to develop product candidates. In addition, if one of our collaborators terminates its agreement with us, we may find it more difficult to find a suitable replacement collaborator or attract new collaborators, and our

development programs may be delayed or the perception of us in the business and financial communities could be adversely affected. All of the risks relating to product development, regulatory approval, and commercialization described here apply to the activities of our collaborators.

If conflicts arise between us and our collaborators or strategic partners, these parties may act in a manner adverse to us and could limit our ability to implement our strategies.

If conflicts arise between our corporate or academic collaborators or strategic partners and us, the other party may act in a manner adverse to us and could limit our ability to implement our strategies. Some of our academic collaborators and strategic partners are conducting multiple product development efforts within each area that is the subject of the collaboration with us. Our collaborators or strategic partners, however, may develop, either alone or with others, products in related fields that are competitive with the product candidates we develop that are the subject of these collaborations with us. Competing products, either developed by the collaborators or strategic partners or to which the collaborators or strategic partners have rights, may result in the withdrawal of partner support for our product candidates.

Some of our collaborators or strategic partners could also become our competitors in the future. Our collaborators or strategic partners could develop competing products, preclude us from entering into collaborations with their competitors, fail to obtain timely regulatory approvals, terminate their agreements with us prematurely, or fail to devote sufficient resources to the development and commercialization of products. Any of these developments could harm our product development efforts.

If we are not able to establish collaborations on a timely basis, on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, we may have to alter, reduce or delay our development and commercialization plans, or increase our expenditures to fund development or commercialization activities at our own expense.

For some of the product candidates we may develop, we may decide to collaborate with other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for the development and potential commercialization of those product candidates. We face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborations and collaborations are complex and time-consuming to negotiate and document. Whether we reach a definitive agreement for a collaboration will depend, among other things, upon our assessment of the collaborator’s resources and expertise, the terms and conditions of the proposed collaboration, and the proposed collaborator’s evaluation of a number of factors. Those factors may include the design or results of clinical trials, the likelihood of approval by the FDA, the EMA or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States, the potential market for the subject product candidate, the costs and complexities of manufacturing and delivering such product candidate to patients, the potential of competing products, the existence of uncertainty with respect to our ownership of technology, which can exist if there is a challenge to such ownership without regard to the merits of the challenge, and industry and market conditions generally. The collaborator may also consider alternative product candidates or technologies for similar indications that may be available to collaborate on and whether such a collaboration could be more attractive than the one with us.

We may also be restricted under existing collaboration agreements from entering into future collaboration agreements on certain terms with potential collaborators. In addition, there have been a significant number of recent business combinations among large pharmaceutical companies that have resulted in a reduced number of potential future collaborators, which further increases competition we face in seeking potential collaborations.

We may not be able to negotiate collaborations on a timely basis, on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to do so, we may have to curtail the development of the product candidate for which we are seeking to collaborate, reduce or delay its development program or one or more of our other development programs, delay its potential commercialization or reduce the scope of any sales or marketing activities, or increase our expenditures and undertake development or commercialization activities at our own expense. If we elect to increase our expenditures to fund development or commercialization activities on our own, we may need to obtain additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. If we do not have sufficient funds, we may not be able to develop product candidates or bring them to market and generate product revenue.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

Our commercial success will depend in large part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent, trademark, trade secret and other intellectual property protection of our gene editing platform technology, product candidates and other technology, methods used to manufacture them and methods of treatment, as well as successfully defending our patent and other intellectual property rights against third-party challenges. It is difficult and costly to protect our gene editing platform technology and product candidates, and we may not be able to ensure their protection. Our ability to stop unauthorized third parties from making, using, selling, offering to sell, importing or otherwise commercializing our product candidates is dependent upon the extent to which we have rights under valid and enforceable patents or trade secrets that cover these activities.

We seek to protect our proprietary position by in-licensing intellectual property relating to our platform technology and filing patent applications in the United States and abroad related to our gene editing platform technology and product candidates that are important to our business. If we or our licensors are unable to obtain or maintain patent protection with respect to our gene editing platform technology and our product candidates, or if the scope of the patent protection secured is not sufficiently broad, our competitors could develop and commercialize products and technology similar or identical to ours and our ability to commercialize our product candidates may be adversely affected.

The patent prosecution process is expensive, time-consuming, and complex, and we may not be able to file, prosecute, maintain, enforce, or license all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. In addition, we may not pursue or obtain patent protection in all relevant markets. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output in time to obtain patent protection. Although we enter into non-disclosure and confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to confidential or patentable aspects of our research and development output, such as our employees, corporate collaborators, outside scientific collaborators, CROs, contract manufacturers, consultants, advisors, and other third parties, any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose such output before a patent application is filed, thereby jeopardizing our ability to seek patent protection. In addition, our ability to obtain and maintain valid and enforceable patents depends on whether the differences between our inventions and the prior art allow our inventions to be patentable over the prior art. Furthermore, publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all. Therefore, we cannot be certain that we or our licensors were the first to make the inventions claimed in our owned or any licensed patents or pending patent applications, or that we or our licensors were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions.

The patent position of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain, involves complex legal and factual questions, and has been the subject of much litigation in recent years. The field of gene editing has been the subject of extensive patenting activity and litigation. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability, and commercial value of our patent rights are highly uncertain and we may become involved in complex and costly litigation. Our pending and future patent applications may not result in patents being issued which protect our gene editing platform technology and our product candidates or which effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies and product candidates.

No consistent policy regarding the scope of claims allowable in the field of gene editing has emerged in the United States. The scope of patent protection outside of the United States is also uncertain. Changes in either the patent laws or their interpretation in the United States and other countries may diminish our ability to protect our inventions, obtain, maintain, enforce and defend our intellectual property rights and, more generally, could affect the value of our intellectual property or narrow the scope of our owned and licensed patent rights. With respect to both in-licensed and owned intellectual property, we cannot predict whether the patent applications we and our licensors are currently pursuing will issue as patents in any particular jurisdiction or whether the claims of any issued patents will be valid and enforceable and provide sufficient protection from competitors. Further, no earlier than October 1, 2022, European applications will soon have the option, upon grant of a patent, of becoming a Unitary Patent which will be subject to the jurisdiction of the Unitary Patent Court (“UPC"). This will be a significant change in European patent practice. As the UPC is a new court system, there is no precedent for the court, increasing the uncertainty of any litigation.

Moreover, the coverage claimed in a patent application can be significantly reduced before the patent is issued, and its scope can be reinterpreted after issuance. Even if patent applications we license or own currently or in the future issue as patents, they may not issue in a form that will provide us with any meaningful protection, prevent competitors or other third parties from competing with us, or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage. Any patents that we own or in-license may be challenged, narrowed, circumvented, or invalidated by third parties. Consequently, we do not know whether any of our platform advances and product candidates will be protectable or remain protected by valid and enforceable patents. Our competitors or other third parties may be able to circumvent our patents by developing similar or alternative technologies or products in a non-infringing manner.

In addition, given the amount of time required for the development, testing, and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, our intellectual property may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours. Moreover, some of our owned and in-licensed patents and patent applications may in the future be, co-owned by us with third parties. If we are unable to obtain an exclusive license to such third-party co-owners’ interest in such patents or patent applications, such co-owners may be able to license their rights to other third parties, including our competitors, and our competitors could market competing products and technology. In addition, we may need the cooperation of any such co-owners of our patent rights in order to enforce such patents against third parties, and such cooperation may not be provided to us. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial conditions, results of operations, and prospects.

Our rights to develop and commercialize our gene editing platform technology and product candidates are subject, in part, to the terms and conditions of licenses granted to us by others.

We depend on intellectual property licensed from third parties, and our licensors may not always act in our best interest. If we fail to comply with our obligations under our intellectual property licenses, if the licenses are terminated, or if disputes regarding these licenses arise, we could lose significant rights that are important to our business.

We have licensed and are dependent on certain patent rights and proprietary technology from third parties that are important or necessary to the development of our gene editing technology and product candidates. For example, we are a party to a license agreement

with Stanford pursuant to which we in-license key patents and patent applications for our gene editing platform technology and product candidates (the Stanford License Agreement). This license agreement imposes various diligence, milestone payment, royalty, insurance, and other obligations on us. If we fail to comply with these obligations, our licensors may have the right to terminate our license, in which event we would not be able to develop or market our gene editing platform or any other technology or product candidates covered by the intellectual property licensed under this agreement. For example, under the Stanford License Agreement, we are required to initiate clinical trial programs in accordance with the development plan and development milestones for the development of a licensed product covered by the licensed patent rights. If we fail to initiate such clinical trial programs, our rights with respect to the licensed patent rights may terminate.

These and other licenses may not provide exclusive rights to use such intellectual property and technology in all relevant fields of use and in all territories in which we may wish to develop or commercialize our gene editing platform technology and product candidates in the future. Some licenses granted to us are expressly subject to certain preexisting rights held by the licensors or certain third parties. As a result, we may not be able to prevent competitors from developing and commercializing competitive products in certain territories or fields. For example, the Stanford License Agreement provides that our field of use is solely for the development of prophylactics and therapeutics for sickle cell disease, XSCID, and beta-thalassemia. If we determine that rights to such additional fields are necessary to commercialize our product candidates or maintain our competitive advantage, we may need to obtain a license from Stanford and/or other third parties in order to continue developing, manufacturing or marketing our product candidates. We may not be able to obtain such a license on an exclusive basis, on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, which could prevent us from commercializing our product candidates or allow our competitors or others the chance to access technology that is important to our business.

We do not have complete control in the preparation, filing, prosecution, and maintenance of the patent applications covering the technology that we license from third parties. For example, pursuant to our intellectual property license with Stanford, our licensors retain control of preparation, filing, prosecution, and maintenance of their patent applications. We cannot be certain that these patent applications will be prepared, filed, prosecuted, maintained, and defended in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business. If our licensors fail to prosecute, and maintain such patent applications, or lose rights to those patent applications, the rights we have licensed may be reduced or eliminated, our right to develop and commercialize any of our product candidates that are the subject of such licensed rights could be adversely affected and we may not be able to prevent competitors from making, using, and selling competing products.

Certain of our licensors have also relied on third-party collaborators or on funds from third parties such that they are not the sole and exclusive owners of the patent rights we have in-licensed. For example, our in-licensed patent rights from the Stanford License are jointly owned by Stanford and Agilent Technologies, Inc. (Agilent). As a result, Agilent could license such patent rights to our competitors, and our competitors could market competing products and technology. In addition, our rights to our in-licensed patent applications are dependent, in part, on inter-institutional or other operating agreements between Stanford and Agilent. If Stanford or Agilent breaches such inter-institutional or operating agreements, our rights to such in-licensed patents and patent applications may be adversely affected. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Furthermore, inventions contained within some of our in-licensed patent applications were made using U.S. government funding. We rely on our licensors to ensure compliance with applicable obligations arising from such funding, such as timely reporting, an obligation associated with our in-licensed patents and patent applications. The failure of our licensors to meet their obligations may lead to a loss of rights or the unenforceability of relevant patents. For example, the U.S. government could have certain rights in such in-licensed patent applications, including a non-exclusive license authorizing the U.S. government to use the invention or to have others use the invention on its behalf. If the U.S. government decides to exercise these rights, it is not required to engage us as its contractor in connection with doing so. The U.S. government’s rights may also permit it to disclose the funded inventions and technology to third parties and to exercise march-in rights to use or allow third parties to use the technology we have licensed that was developed using U.S. government funding. The U.S. government may also exercise its march-in rights if it determines that action is necessary because we or our licensors failed to achieve practical application of the U.S. government-funded technology, because action is necessary to alleviate health or safety needs, to meet requirements of federal regulations, or to give preference to U.S. industry. In addition, our rights in such in-licensed U.S. government-funded inventions may be subject to certain requirements to manufacture product candidates embodying such inventions in the United States. Any of the foregoing could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects significantly.

In the event that any of our third-party licensors determines that, in spite of our efforts, we have materially breached a license agreement or have failed to meet certain obligations thereunder, it may elect to terminate the license agreement or, in some cases, one or more license(s) under the applicable license agreement and such termination would result in us no longer having the ability to develop and commercialize product candidates and technology covered by that license agreement. In the event of such termination of a third-party in-license, or if the underlying patent rights under a third-party in-license fail to provide the intended exclusivity, competitors would have the freedom to seek regulatory approval of, and to market, products identical to ours. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial conditions, results of operations, and prospects of our inventions in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and, further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection but where

enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our product candidates and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets, and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biotechnology and pharmaceutical products, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products against third parties in violation of our intellectual property and proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our patents and intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing, and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Moreover, the initiation of proceedings by third parties to challenge the scope or validity of our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial cost and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property and proprietary rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

Many countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to third parties. In addition, many countries limit the enforceability of patents against government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, the patent owner may have limited remedies, which could materially diminish the value of such patent. If we or our licensors is forced to grant one or more licenses to third parties with respect to any patents relevant to our business, our competitive position may be impaired, and our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects may be adversely affected.

Our owned and in-licensed patent applications may not provide sufficient protection of our gene editing platform technologies, our product candidates and our future product candidates or result in any competitive advantage.

We own and have in-licensed a number of patents and patent applications that cover gene editing and gene targeting technologies. We have applied for provisional and non-provisional patent applications intended to specifically cover our gene editing platform technology and uses with respect to treatment of particular diseases and conditions, but do not currently own any issued U.S. patents. Each U.S. provisional patent application is not eligible to become an issued patent until, among other things, we file a non-provisional patent application within 12 months of the filing date of the applicable provisional patent application. Any failure to file a non-provisional patent application within this timeline could cause us to lose the ability to obtain patent protection for the intentions disclosed in the associated provisional patent applications. We cannot be certain that any of these patent applications will issue as patents, and if they do, that such patents will cover or adequately protect our gene editing platform technologies or our product candidates, or that such patents will not be challenged, narrowed, circumvented, invalidated or held unenforceable. Any failure to obtain or maintain patent protection with respect to our gene editing platform technology and product candidates could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Our owned and in-licensed patents and patent applications contain claims directed to compositions of matter on our gene editing product candidates, as well as methods directed to the use of such product candidates for gene therapy treatment. Method-of-use patents do not prevent a competitor or other third party from developing or marketing an identical product for an indication that is outside the scope of the patented method. Moreover, with respect to method-of-use patents, even if competitors or other third parties do not actively promote their product for our targeted indications or uses for which we may obtain patents, providers may recommend that patients use these products off-label, or patients may do so themselves.

The strength of patents in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical field involves complex legal and scientific questions and can be uncertain. The patent applications that we own or in-license may fail to result in issued patents with claims that cover our product candidates or uses thereof in the United States or in other foreign countries. For example, while our patent applications are pending, we may be subject to a third party pre-issuance submission of prior art to the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), or become involved in interference or derivation proceedings, or equivalent proceedings in foreign jurisdictions. Even if patents do successfully issue, third parties may challenge their inventorship, validity, enforceability or scope, including through opposition, revocation, reexamination, post-grant and inter partes review proceedings. An adverse determination in any such submission, proceeding or litigation could reduce the scope of, or invalidate or render unenforceable, our owned or in-licensed patent rights, allow third parties to commercialize our technology or product candidates and compete directly with us, without payment to us, or result in our inability to manufacture or commercialize products without infringing third-party patent rights. Moreover, we, or our licensor, may have to participate in interference proceedings declared by the USPTO to determine priority of invention or in post-grant challenge proceedings, such as oppositions in a foreign patent office, that challenge our or our licensor’s priority of invention or other features of patentability with respect to our owned or in-licensed patent applications. For example, an opposition proceeding has been initiated by multiple opponents at the European Patent Office (EPO) Opposition Division in connection with an in-licensed European patent. Such challenges, including this current opposition, may result in loss of patent rights, loss of exclusivity, or in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated, or held unenforceable, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products, or limit the duration of the patent protection of our technology and product candidates. Furthermore, even if they are unchallenged, our patent rights may not adequately protect our intellectual property or prevent others from designing around our platform technology or product candidates. If the breadth or strength of protection provided by the patent applications we own or in-license with respect to our gene editing platform technology and product candidates is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to develop, and threaten our ability to commercialize, our product candidates. Further, if we encounter delays in development, testing, and regulatory review of new product candidates, the period of time during which we could market our product candidates under patent protection would be reduced.

Given that patent applications in the United States and other countries are confidential for a period of time after filing, at any moment in time, we cannot be certain that we or our licensors were in the past or will be in the future the first to file any patent application related to our gene editing technology or product candidates. In addition, some patent applications in the United States may be maintained in secrecy until the patents are issued. As a result, there may be prior art of which we or our licensors are not aware that may affect the validity or enforceability of a patent claim, and we or our licensors may be subject to priority disputes. For our in-licensed patent portfolios, we rely on our licensors to determine inventorship, and obtain and file inventor assignments of priority applications before their conversion as PCT applications. A failure to do so in a timely fashion may give rise to a challenge to entitlement of priority for foreign applications nationalized from such PCT applications. We or our licensors may in the future become a party to proceedings or priority disputes in Europe or other foreign jurisdictions. The loss of priority for, or the loss of, any European or other foreign patent rights could have a material adverse effect on the conduct of our business.

We may be required to disclaim part or all of the term of certain patent applications. There may be prior art of which we are not aware that may affect the validity or enforceability of a patent claim. There also may be prior art of which we or our licensors are aware, but which we or our licensors do not believe affects the validity or enforceability of a claim, which may, nonetheless, ultimately be found to affect the validity or enforceability of a claim. No assurance can be given that, if challenged, our patent applications, if issued,

would be declared by a court, patent office or other governmental authority to be valid or enforceable or that even if found valid and enforceable, a competitor’s technology or product would be found by a court to infringe our patent rights. We may analyze patents or patent applications of our competitors that we believe are relevant to our activities, and consider that we are free to operate in relation to our product candidates, but our competitors may achieve issued claims, including in patents we consider to be unrelated, that block our efforts or potentially result in our product candidates or our activities infringing such claims. It is possible that our competitors may have filed, and may in the future file, patent applications covering our products or gene editing technology similar to ours. Those patent applications may have priority over our owned patent applications and in-licensed patent applications or patents, which could require us to obtain rights to issued patents covering such technologies. The possibility also exists that others will develop products that have the same effect as our product candidates on an independent basis that do not infringe our patents or other intellectual property rights, or will design around the claims of our patent applications or our in-licensed patents or patent applications that cover our product candidates.

Likewise, our currently owned patent applications, if issued as patents, and in-licensed patents and patent applications, if issued as patents, directed to our proprietary gene editing technologies and our product candidates are expected to expire from 2036 through 2042, without taking into account any possible patent term adjustments or extensions. Our owned or in-licensed patent applications, if issued as patents, may expire before, or soon after, our first product candidate achieves marketing approval in the United States or foreign jurisdictions. Additionally, no assurance can be given that the USPTO or relevant foreign patent offices will grant any of the pending patent applications we own or in-license currently or in the future. Upon the expiration of our current in-licensed patent applications, if issued as patents, we may lose the right to exclude others from practicing these inventions. The expiration of these patent rights could also have a similar material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Our owned patent applications and in-licensed patents and patent applications and other intellectual property may be subject to inventorship or ownership disputes and similar proceedings. If we or our licensors are unsuccessful in any of these proceedings, we may be required to obtain licenses from third parties, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all, or to cease the development, manufacture, and commercialization of one or more of our product candidates, which could have a material adverse impact on our business.

We or our licensors may also be subject to claims that former employees, collaborators, or other third parties have an interest in our owned or in-licensed patent applications or other intellectual property as an inventor or co-inventor. If we are unable to obtain an exclusive license to any such third-party co-owners’ interest in such patent applications, such co-owners may be able to license their rights to other third parties, including our competitors. In addition, we may need the cooperation of any such co-owners to enforce any patents that issue from such patent applications against third parties, and such cooperation may not be provided to us.

If we or our licensors are unsuccessful in any inventorship or ownership disputes to which we or they are subject, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights through the loss of part or all of our owned, licensed, or optioned patent rights, or such patent claims may be narrowed, invalidated, or held unenforceable, or through loss of exclusive ownership of or the exclusive right to use our owned or in-licensed patent rights. In the event of loss of patent rights as a result of any of these disputes, we may be required to obtain and maintain licenses from third parties, including parties involved in any such inventorship or ownership disputes. Such licenses may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all, or may be non-exclusive. If we are unable to obtain and maintain such licenses, we may need to cease the development, manufacture, and commercialization of one or more of our product candidates. The loss of exclusivity or the narrowing of our patent rights could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and product candidates. Even if we or our licensors are successful in an inventorship or ownership dispute, it could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees. Any of the foregoing could result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, or prospects.

We have limited foreign intellectual property rights and may not be able to protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights throughout the world.

We may have limited intellectual property rights outside the United States. Filing, prosecuting, and defending patents on product candidates in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States can be less extensive than those in the United States. In addition, the laws of foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws of the United States. In addition, our intellectual property license agreements may not always include worldwide rights. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the United States, or from selling or importing products made using our inventions in and into the United States or other jurisdictions. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and, further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection but where enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our product candidates and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

Many countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner may be compelled to grant licenses to third parties. In addition, many countries limit the enforceability of patents against government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, the patent owner may have limited remedies, which could materially diminish the value of such patent. If we or our licensors are forced to grant one or more licenses to third parties with respect to any patents relevant to our business, our competitive position may be impaired, and our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects may be adversely affected.

If we fail to comply with our obligations in the agreements under which we license intellectual property rights from our licensors or otherwise experience disruptions to our business relationships with our licensors, we could lose license rights that are important to our business.

We have entered into a license agreement with Stanford related to our platform technology and certain of our product candidates, and a license agreement with Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc. (IDT) related to high- fidelity nucleases and gene editing systems, and may need to obtain licenses to additional intellectual property rights from these entities and others to advance our ongoing and planned research and development programs or to allow commercialization of our product candidates. It is possible that we may be unable to obtain any licenses to such additional intellectual property rights at a reasonable cost or on reasonable terms, if at all. In either event, we may be required to expend significant time and resources to redesign our technology, product candidates, or the methods for manufacturing them or to develop or license replacement technology, all of which may not be feasible on a technical or commercial basis. If we are unable to do so, we may be unable to develop or commercialize the affected product candidates or expand our platform capabilities, which could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects significantly. We cannot provide any assurances that third-party patents do not exist which might be enforced against our current technology, including gene editing technology, manufacturing methods, product candidates, or future methods or products resulting in either an injunction prohibiting our manufacture or future sales, or, with respect to our future sales, an obligation on our part to pay royalties and/or other forms of compensation to third parties, which could be significant.

Pursuant to our license agreements with Stanford and IDT, we are generally responsible for bringing any actions against any third party for infringing on the patent rights we have licensed. Certain provisions of our license agreements also require us to meet development thresholds to maintain the license, including establishing a set timeline for developing and commercializing products. In spite of our efforts, Stanford, IDT or any future licensor from whom we may seek to license intellectual property rights might conclude that we have materially breached our obligations under such license agreements and might therefore terminate the license agreements, thereby removing or limiting our ability to develop and commercialize products and technology covered by these license agreements. If these in-licenses are terminated, or if the underlying patent rights fail to provide the intended exclusivity, competitors or other third parties would have the freedom to seek regulatory approval of, and to market, products identical to ours and we may be required to cease our development and commercialization of or gene editing platform technology or product candidates. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial condition, results of operations, and growth prospects. Disputes may arise regarding intellectual property subject to a licensing agreement, including:

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the scope of rights granted under the license agreement and other interpretation-related issues;

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the extent to which our technology and processes infringe on intellectual property of the licensor that is not subject to the licensing agreement;

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the sublicensing of patent rights to third parties under our collaborative development relationships;

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our diligence obligations under the license agreement with respect to the use of the licensed technology in relation to our development and commercialization of our product candidates and what activities satisfy those diligence obligations;

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the inventorship and ownership of inventions and know-how resulting from the joint creation or use of intellectual property by our licensors and us and our partners; and

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the priority of invention of patented technology.

In addition, the agreements under which we currently license intellectual property rights from Stanford and IDT are complex, and certain provisions in such agreements may be susceptible to multiple interpretations. The resolution of any contract interpretation disagreement that may arise under our existing license agreements or future license agreements into which we may enter could narrow what we believe to be the scope of our rights to the relevant intellectual property or technology or broaden what we believe to be the scope of the licensor’s rights to our intellectual property and technology, or increase what we believe to be our financial or other obligations under the relevant agreement, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. Moreover, if disputes over intellectual property that we have licensed prevent or impair our ability to maintain our current licensing arrangements on commercially acceptable terms, we may be unable to successfully develop and commercialize the affected product candidates. As a result, any termination of or disputes over our intellectual property license could result in the loss of our ability to develop and commercialize our gene editing platform or other product candidates or we could lose other significant rights, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions, results of operations, and prospects. It is also possible that a third party could be granted limited licenses to some of the same technology, in certain circumstances.

We may not be successful in acquiring or in-licensing necessary rights to key technologies or any product candidates we may develop.

We currently have rights to intellectual property, through licenses from third parties, to identify and develop product candidates, and we expect to seek to expand our product candidate pipeline in part by in-licensing additional rights to key technologies. The future growth of our business will depend in part on our ability to in-license or otherwise acquire the rights to additional product candidates and technologies. Although we have succeeded in licensing technologies from Stanford and IDT as third party licensors in the past, we cannot assure you that we will be able to in-license or acquire additional rights to any product candidates or technologies from Stanford or other third parties on acceptable terms or at all. For example, there are third parties who possess technologies related to gene editing or other technologies which we may need to in-license.

In addition, our agreement with Stanford provides that our field of use is solely for the development of prophylactics and therapeutics for sickle cell disease, XSCID, and beta-thalassemia. If we determine that rights outside such field are necessary to commercialize our drug candidates or maintain our competitive advantage, we may need to obtain an additional license from Stanford University in order to continue developing, manufacturing or marketing our drug candidates. We may not be able to obtain such a license on an exclusive basis, on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, which could prevent us from commercializing our drug candidates or allow our competitors or others the chance to access technology that is important to our business.

Furthermore, there has been extensive patenting activity in the field of gene editing, and pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, and academic institutions are competing with us or are expected to compete with us in the in the field of gene editing technology and filing patent applications potentially relevant to our business and we are aware of certain third-party patent applications that, if issued, may allow the third party to circumvent our patent rights. For example, we are aware of several third-party patents, and patent applications, that if issued, may be construed to be relevant to our gene editing technology and product candidates. In order to market our product candidates, we may find it necessary or prudent to obtain licenses from such third-party intellectual property holders. However, we may be unable to secure such licenses or otherwise acquire or in-license any compositions, methods of use, processes, or other intellectual property rights from third parties that we identify as necessary for product candidates we may develop and gene editing technology. We may also require licenses from third parties for certain additional technologies, including technologies relating to gene editing such as guide RNA modification and target sequences, as well as technologies for cell manufacturing that we are evaluating for use with our product candidates. In addition, some of our in-licensed patent applications are co-owned with third parties. With respect to any patents co-owned with third parties, we may require licenses to such co-owners’ interest to such patents. If we are unable to obtain an exclusive license to any such third-party co-owners’ interest in such patent applications, such co-owners may be able to license their rights to other third parties, including our competitors, and our competitors could market competing products and technology. In addition, we may need the cooperation of any such co-owners of our patent applications in order to enforce such patent rights against third parties, and such cooperation may not be provided to us.

Additionally, we may collaborate with academic institutions to accelerate our preclinical research or development under written agreements with these institutions. In certain cases, these institutions provide us with an option to negotiate a license to any of the institution’s rights in technology resulting from the collaboration. Even if we hold such an option, we may be unable to negotiate a license from the institution within the specified timeframe or under terms that are acceptable to us. If we are unable to do so, the institution may offer the intellectual property rights to others, potentially blocking our ability to pursue our program.

For example, the licensing or acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a highly competitive area, and a number of more established companies are also pursuing strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights that we may consider attractive or necessary. These established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, capital resources and greater clinical development and commercialization capabilities. In addition, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. We also may be unable to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights on terms that would allow us to make an appropriate return on our investment or at all. If we are unable to successfully obtain rights to required third party intellectual property rights or maintain the existing intellectual property rights we have, we may have to abandon development of the relevant program or product candidate, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

The intellectual property landscape around the technologies we use or plan to use, including gene editing technology, is highly dynamic, and third parties may initiate legal proceedings alleging that we are infringing, misappropriating, or otherwise violating their intellectual property rights, the outcome of which would be uncertain and may prevent, delay or otherwise interfere with our product discovery and development efforts.

Because of the large number of patents issued and patent applications filed in our field, third parties may allege they have patent rights encompassing our product candidates, technologies or methods. Third parties may assert that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization and may file patent infringement claims or lawsuits against us, and if we are found to infringe such third-party patents, we may be required to pay damages, cease commercialization of the infringing technology, or obtain a license from such third parties, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all. In addition, we have in the past, and may in the future, receive an offer for license from third parties regarding their proprietary intellectual property for which they may believe encompass our product candidates and technologies. We will evaluate such offers for relevance to our business.

The field of gene editing is still in its infancy, and no such therapeutic product candidates have reached the market. Due to the intense research and development that is taking place by several companies, including us and our competitors, in this field, the intellectual property landscape is evolving and in flux, and it may remain uncertain for the coming years. There may be significant intellectual property related litigation and proceedings relating to our owned and in-licensed, and other third-party, intellectual property and proprietary rights in the future.

Our commercial success depends upon our ability and the ability of our collaborators and present and future licensors to develop, manufacture, market, and sell any product candidates that we may develop and use our proprietary technologies without infringing, misappropriating, or otherwise violating the intellectual property and proprietary rights of third parties. The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are characterized by extensive litigation regarding patents and other intellectual property rights as well as administrative proceedings for challenging patents, including interference, derivation, inter partes review, post grant review, and reexamination proceedings before the USPTO or oppositions and other comparable proceedings in foreign jurisdictions. We may be subject to and may in the future become party to, or threatened with, adversarial proceedings or litigation regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our gene editing platform technology and our product candidates, including interference proceedings, post-grant review, inter partes review, and derivation proceedings before the USPTO and similar proceedings in foreign jurisdictions such as oppositions before the EPO. Numerous U.S. and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications that are owned by third parties exist in the fields in which we are developing our product candidates and they may assert infringement claims against us based on existing patents or patents that may be granted in the future, regardless of their merit.

As the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries expand and more patents are issued, the risk increases that our gene editing platform technology and product candidates may give rise to claims of infringement of the patent rights of others. Moreover, it is not always clear to industry participants, including us, which patents cover various types of therapies, products or their methods of use or manufacture. There may also be third-party patents of which we are currently unaware with claims to technologies, methods of manufacture or methods for treatment related to the use or manufacture of our product candidates. Because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending patent applications that may later result in issued patents that our product candidates may infringe. In addition, third parties may obtain patents in the future and claim that use of our technologies infringes upon these patents.

Numerous third-party U.S. and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications exist in the fields in which we are developing product candidates. Our product candidates make use of CRISPR-based technology, which is a field that is highly active for patent filings. As of June 2019, it was reported that approximately 2072 patent families worldwide related to CRISPR gene editing inventions and uses as the description and/or claims of these patent families specifically focus on a CRISPR-type system. The extensive patent filings related to CRISPR make it difficult for us to assess the full extent of relevant patents and pending applications that may cover our gene editing platform technology and product candidates and their use or manufacture. There may be third-party patents or patent applications with claims to materials, formulations, methods of manufacture or methods for treatment related to the use or manufacture of our gene editing platform technology and product candidates. For example, we are aware of a patent portfolio that is co-owned by the University of California, University of Vienna and Emmanuelle Charpentier, or the University of California Portfolio, which contains multiple patents and pending applications directed to gene editing. We are also aware of patents and patent applications directed to gene editing owned or co-owned by the Broad Institute, MIT and Harvard University, Toolgen, and Sigma Aldrich. Our ability to commercialize our product candidates may be adversely affected if we do not obtain a license to these patents. We may not be able to obtain any required license on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Even if we were able to obtain a license, it could be nonexclusive, thereby giving our competitors and other third parties access to the same technologies licensed to us, and it could require us to make substantial licensing and royalty payments. If we are unable to obtain a necessary license to a third-party patent on commercially reasonable terms, we may be unable to commercialize our gene editing platform technology or product candidates or such commercialization efforts may be significantly delayed, which could in turn significantly harm our business.

Our ability to commercialize our product candidates in the United States and abroad may be adversely affected if we cannot obtain a license on commercially reasonable terms to relevant third-party patents that cover our product candidates or gene editing platform technology. Even if we believe third-party intellectual property claims are without merit, there is no assurance that a court would find in our favor on questions of infringement, validity, enforceability, or priority. A court of competent jurisdiction could hold that these third-party patents are valid, enforceable, and infringed, which could materially and adversely affect our ability to commercialize our product candidates and any other product candidates or technologies covered by the asserted third-party patents. In order to successfully challenge the validity of any such U.S. patent in federal court, we would need to overcome a presumption of validity. As this burden is a high one requiring us to present clear and convincing evidence as to the invalidity of any such U.S. patent claim, there is no assurance that a court of competent jurisdiction would invalidate the claims of any such U.S. patent. If we are found to infringe a third-party’s intellectual property rights, and we are unsuccessful in demonstrating that such patents are invalid or unenforceable, we could be required to obtain a license from such third-party to continue developing, manufacturing, and marketing our product candidates and our technology. However, we may not be able to obtain any required license on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Even if we were able to obtain a license, it could be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors and other third parties access to the same technologies licensed to us, and it could require us to make substantial licensing and royalty payments. If we are unable to obtain a necessary license to a third-party patent on commercially reasonable terms, we may be unable to commercialize our gene editing platform technology or product candidates or such commercialization efforts may be significantly delayed, which could in turn significantly harm our business. We also could be forced, including by court order, to cease developing, manufacturing, and commercializing the infringing technology or product candidates. In addition, we could be found liable for significant monetary damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees, if we are found to have willfully infringed a patent or other intellectual property right. Claims that we have misappropriated the confidential information or trade secrets of third parties could have a similar material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Defense of third-party claims of infringement of misappropriation, or violation of intellectual property rights involves substantial litigation expense and would be a substantial diversion of management and employee time and resources from our business. Some third parties may be able to sustain the costs of complex patent litigation more effectively than we can because they have substantially greater resources. In addition, any uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of any litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our operations or could otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions, or other interim proceedings or developments, and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Any of the foregoing events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Third parties may assert that our employees or consultants have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information or misappropriated trade secrets.

As is common in the biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries, we employ individuals who were previously employed at universities or other biotechnology or biopharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although no claims against us are currently pending, and although we try to ensure that our employees and consultants do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or our employees, consultants or independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of a former employer or other third parties. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims may cause us to incur significant expenses, and could distract our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments, and, if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock. This type of litigation or proceeding could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce our resources available for development activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to adequately conduct such litigation or proceedings. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their substantially greater financial resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other intellectual property related proceedings could adversely affect our ability to compete in the marketplace.

We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our future patents or the patents of our licensors, which could be expensive, time consuming, and unsuccessful and could result in a finding that such patents are unenforceable or invalid.

Competitors may infringe our future patents or the patents of our licensors, or we may be required to defend against claims of infringement. In addition, our future patents or the patents of our licensors also are, and may in the future become, involved in inventorship, priority, validity or enforceability disputes. Countering or defending against such claims can be expensive and time consuming. In an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent owned or in-licensed by us is invalid or unenforceable, or may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our owned and in-licensed patents do not cover the technology in question. An adverse result in any litigation proceeding could put one or more of our owned or in-licensed patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly.

In patent litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity and/or unenforceability are commonplace, and there are numerous grounds upon which a third party can assert invalidity or unenforceability of a patent. Third parties may also raise similar claims before administrative bodies in the United States or abroad, even outside the context of litigation. These types of mechanisms include re-examination, post-grant review, inter partes review, interference proceedings, derivation proceedings, and equivalent proceedings in foreign jurisdictions (e.g., opposition proceedings). These types of proceedings could result in revocation or amendment to our patents such that they no longer cover our product candidates. The outcome for any particular patent following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable. With respect to the validity question, for example, we cannot be certain that there is no invalidating prior art, of which we, our licensors, our patent counsel and the patent examiner were unaware during prosecution. If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity and/or unenforceability, or if we are otherwise unable to adequately protect our rights, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the patent protection on our technology and/or product candidates. Defense of these types of claims, regardless of their merit, would involve substantial litigation expense and would be a substantial diversion of employee resources from our business.

Conversely, we may choose to challenge the patentability of claims in a third party’s U.S. patent by requesting that the USPTO review the patent claims in re-examination, post-grant review, inter partes review, interference proceedings, derivation proceedings, and equivalent proceedings in foreign jurisdictions (e.g., opposition proceedings). In the future, we may choose to challenge third-party patents in patent opposition proceedings in the EPO or another foreign patent office. Even if successful, the costs of these opposition proceedings could be substantial, and may consume our time or other resources. If we fail to obtain a favorable result at the USPTO, EPO or other patent office then we may be exposed to litigation by a third party alleging that the patent may be infringed by our product candidates, gene editing platform technology or other proprietary technologies.

Even if resolved in our favor, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims may cause us to incur significant expenses and could distract our personnel from their normal responsibilities. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions, or other interim proceedings or developments, and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing, or distribution activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to conduct such litigation or proceedings adequately. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources and more mature and developed intellectual property portfolios. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete in the marketplace.

Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment, and other requirements imposed by government patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

Periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees, and various other government fees on patents and applications are due to be paid to the USPTO and foreign patent agencies outside of the United States over the lifetime of our owned or licensed patents and applications. In certain circumstances, we rely on our licensors to pay these fees due to U.S. and non-U.S. patent agencies. The USPTO and foreign patent agencies require compliance with several procedural, documentary, fee payment, and other similar provisions during the patent application process. We are also dependent on our licensors to take the necessary action to comply with these requirements with respect to our licensed intellectual property. While an inadvertent lapse can be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations, however, in which non-compliance can result in a partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. Were a noncompliance event to occur, our competitors might be able to enter the market with similar or identical products or technology, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Changes in patent law in the United States and in non-U.S. jurisdictions could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our gene editing platform technology and product candidates.

As is the case with other biotech and pharmaceutical companies, our success is heavily dependent on intellectual property, particularly patents. Obtaining and enforcing patents in the biopharmaceutical industry involve both technological and legal complexity, and is therefore costly, time-consuming and inherently uncertain.

Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents. For example, in March 2013, under the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (America Invents Act), the United States transitioned from a “first to invent” to a “first-to-file” patent system. Under a “first-to-file” system, assuming that other requirements for patentability are met, the first inventor to file a patent application generally will be entitled to a patent on an invention regardless of whether another inventor had made the invention earlier. A third party that files a patent application in the USPTO after March 2013, but before us could therefore be awarded a patent covering an invention of ours even if we had made the invention before it was made by such third party. This will require us to be cognizant going forward of the time from invention to filing of a patent application. Since patent applications in the United States and most other countries

are confidential for a period of time after filing or until issuance, we cannot be certain that we or our licensors were the first to either file any patent application related to our technology or product candidates or invent any of the inventions claimed in our or our licensors’ patents or patent applications. The America Invents Act also includes a number of other significant changes to U.S. patent law, including provisions that affect the way patent applications will be prosecuted, allowing third party submission of prior art and establish a new post-grant review system including post-grant review, inter partes review, and derivation proceedings. Because of a lower evidentiary standard in USPTO proceedings compared to the evidentiary standard in United States federal courts necessary to invalidate a patent claim, a third party could potentially provide evidence in a USPTO proceeding sufficient for the USPTO to hold a claim invalid even though the same evidence would be insufficient to invalidate the claim if first presented in a district court action. Accordingly, a third party may attempt to use the USPTO procedures to invalidate our patent claims that would not have been invalidated if first challenged by the third party as a defendant in a district court action. The effects of these changes are currently unclear as the USPTO continues to promulgate new regulations and procedures in connection with the America Invents Act and many of the substantive changes to patent law, including the “first-to-file” provisions, only became effective in March 2013. In addition, the courts have yet to address many of these provisions and the applicability of the act and new regulations on the specific patents discussed in this filing have not been determined and would need to be reviewed. However, the America Invents Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents.

In addition, recent U.S. Supreme Court rulings have narrowed the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances and weakened the rights of patent owners in certain situations. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the validity and enforceability of patents, once obtained. Depending on future actions by the U.S. Congress, the federal courts, and the USPTO, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that could weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing patents and patents that we might obtain in the future. For example, in the case, Assoc. for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., the U.S. Supreme Court held that certain claims to DNA molecules are not patentable. We cannot predict how this and future decisions by the courts, the U.S. Congress or the USPTO may impact the value of our patents. Any similar adverse changes in the patent laws of other jurisdictions could also have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our product candidates for an adequate amount of time.

Patents have a limited lifespan. The terms of individual patents depend upon the legal term for patents in the countries in which they are granted. In most countries, including the United States, if all maintenance fees are timely paid, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years from its earliest non-provisional filing date in the applicable country. However, the actual protection afforded by a patent varies from country to country, and depends upon many factors, including the type of patent, the scope of its coverage, the availability of regulatory- related extensions, the availability of legal remedies in a particular country and the validity and enforceability of the patent. Various extensions including PTE and PTA, may be available, but the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Even if patents covering our product candidates are obtained, once the patent life has expired, we may be open to competition from competitive products, including generics or biosimilars. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting our product candidates might expire before or shortly after we or our partners commercialize those candidates. As a result, our owned and licensed patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.

If we do not obtain PTE and data exclusivity for our product candidates, our business may be materially harmed.

Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of any FDA marketing approval of our product candidates, one or more of our U.S. patents may be eligible for limited PTE under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 (Hatch-Waxman Amendments). The Hatch-Waxman Amendments PTE term of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during the FDA regulatory review process. A PTE cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval, only one patent per product may be extended and only those claims covering the approved drug, a method for using it, or a method for manufacturing it may be extended. However, even if we were to seek a PTE, it may not be granted because of, for example, the failure to exercise due diligence during the testing phase or regulatory review process, the failure to apply within applicable deadlines, the failure to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents, or any other failure to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the applicable time period or the scope of patent protection afforded could be less than we request. If we are unable to obtain PTE or term of any such extension is less than we request, our competitors may obtain approval of competing products following our patent expiration, and our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects could be materially harmed.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed.

In addition to seeking patents for our technology and product candidates, we also rely on know-how and trade secret protection, as well as confidentiality agreements, non-disclosure agreements and invention assignment agreements with our employees, consultants and third-parties, to protect our confidential and proprietary information, especially where we do not believe patent protection is appropriate or obtainable.

It is our policy to require our employees, corporate collaborators, outside scientific collaborators, CROs, contract manufacturers, consultants, advisors, and other third parties to execute confidentiality agreements upon the commencement of employment or consulting relationships with us. These agreements provide that all confidential information concerning our business or financial affairs developed by or made known to the individual or entity during the course of the party’s relationship with us is to be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties, except in certain specified circumstances. In the case of employees, the agreements provide that all inventions conceived by the individual, and that are related to our current or planned business or research and development or made during normal working hours, on our premises or using our equipment or proprietary information, are our exclusive property. In the case of consultants and other third parties, the agreements provide that all inventions conceived in connection with the services provided are our exclusive property. However, we cannot guarantee that we have entered into such agreements with each party that may have or have had access to our trade secrets or proprietary technology and processes. Additionally, the assignment of intellectual property rights may not be self-executing, or the assignment agreements may be breached, and we may be forced to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims that they may bring against us, to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property. Any of these parties may breach the agreements and disclose our proprietary information, including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive, and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable.

In addition to contractual measures, we try to protect the confidential nature of our proprietary information through other appropriate precautions, such as physical and technological security measures. However, trade secrets and know-how can be difficult to protect. These measures may not, for example, in the case of misappropriation of a trade secret by an employee or third party with authorized access, provide adequate protection for our proprietary information. Our security measures may not prevent an employee or consultant from misappropriating our trade secrets and providing them to a competitor, and any recourse we might take against this type of misconduct may not provide an adequate remedy to protect our interests fully. In addition, trade secrets may be independently developed by others in a manner that could prevent us from receiving legal recourse. If any of our confidential or proprietary information, such as our trade secrets, were to be disclosed or misappropriated, or if any of that information was independently developed by a competitor, our competitive position could be harmed.

In addition, some courts inside and outside the United States are sometimes less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. If we choose to go to court to stop a third party from using any of our trade secrets, we may incur substantial costs. Even if we are successful, these types of lawsuits may consume our time and other resources. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If our trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected, then we may not be able to build name recognition in our markets of interest and our business may be adversely affected.

Our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names may be challenged, infringed, circumvented or declared generic or determined to be infringing on other marks. We may not be able to protect our rights to these trademarks and trade names, which we need to build name recognition among potential partners or customers in our markets of interest. At times, competitors or other third parties may adopt trade names or trademarks similar to ours, thereby impeding our ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to market confusion. In addition, there could be potential trade name or trademark infringement claims brought by owners of other registered trademarks or trademarks that incorporate variations of our registered or unregistered trademarks or trade names. Over the long term, if we are unable to establish name recognition based on our trademarks and trade names, then we may not be able to compete effectively and our business may be adversely affected. Our efforts to enforce or protect our proprietary rights related to trademarks, trade secrets, domain names, copyrights or other intellectual property may be ineffective and could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats.

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations and may not adequately protect our business or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. For example:

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our product candidates will eventually become commercially available in generic or biosimilar product forms;

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others may be able to make gene therapy products that are similar to our product candidates or utilize similar gene editing technology but that are not covered by the claims of the patents that we license or may own in the future;

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we, our licensors, or our current or future collaborators, might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by the pending patent application that we license or may own in the future;

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we, our licensors, or our current or future collaborators, might not have been the first to file patent applications covering certain of our or their inventions;

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we, our licensors, or our current or future collaborators, may fail to meet our obligations to the U.S. government regarding any in-licensed patents and patent applications funded by U.S. government grants, leading to the loss or unenforceability of patent rights;

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others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies without infringing our owned or licensed intellectual property rights;

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it is possible that our pending, owned or licensed patent applications or those that we may own in the future will not lead to issued patents;

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it is possible that there are prior public disclosures that could invalidate our owned or in-licensed patent rights, or parts of our owned or in-licensed patent rights;

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it is possible that there are unpublished patent applications or patent applications maintained in secrecy that may later issue with claims covering our product candidates or technology similar to ours;

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it is possible that our owned or in-licensed patent applications omit individual(s) that should be listed as inventor(s) or include individual(s) that should not be listed as inventor(s), which may cause these patents or patents issuing from these patent applications to be held invalid or unenforceable;

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issued patents that we obtain in the future may be held invalid, unenforceable, or narrowed in scope, including as a result of legal challenges by our competitors;

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the claims of our owned or in-licensed issued patent applications, if and when issued, may not cover our product candidates;

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the laws of foreign countries may not protect our proprietary rights or the proprietary rights of license partners or current or future collaborators to the same extent as the laws of the United States;

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the inventors of our owned or in-licensed patent applications may become involved with competitors, develop products or processes that design around our patents, or become hostile to us or the patents or patent applications on which they are named as inventors;

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our competitors might conduct research and development activities in countries where we do not have patent rights and then use the information learned from such activities to develop competitive products for sale in our major commercial markets;

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we have engaged in scientific collaborations in the past and will continue to do so in the future and our collaborators may develop adjacent or competing products that are outside the scope of our patents;

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we may not develop additional proprietary technologies that are patentable;

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any product candidates we develop may be covered by third-parties’ patents or other exclusive rights;

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the patents of others may harm our business; or

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we may choose not to file a patent in order to maintain certain trade secrets or know-how, and a third party may subsequently file a patent covering such intellectual property.

Should any of these events occur, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Risks Related to Regulatory and Other Legal Compliance Matters

Because gene editing is novel and the regulatory landscape that will govern our product candidates is uncertain and may change, we cannot predict the time and cost of obtaining regulatory approval, if we receive it at all, for our product candidates.

The regulatory requirements that will govern any novel gene editing product candidates we develop may continue to evolve. Within the broader genetic medicine field, a limited number of gene therapy products have received marketing authorization from the FDA and the EMA to date. Even with respect to more established products that fit into the categories of gene therapies or cell therapies, the regulatory landscape is still developing. Regulatory requirements governing gene therapy products and cell therapy products have changed frequently and may continue to change in the future. Moreover, there is substantial, and sometimes uncoordinated, overlap in those responsible for regulation of existing gene therapy products and cell therapy products. For example, in the United States, the FDA has established the Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies within its Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), to

consolidate the review of gene therapy and related products, and the Cellular, Tissue and Gene Therapies Advisory Committee to advise CBER on its review. In addition, under guidelines issued by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) gene therapy clinical trials are also subject to review and oversight by an institutional biosafety committee (IBC), a local institutional committee that reviews and oversees basic and clinical research conducted at the institution participating in the clinical trial. While the NIH guidelines are not mandatory unless the research in question is being conducted at or sponsored by institutions receiving NIH funding of recombinant or synthetic nucleic acid molecule research, many companies and other institutions not otherwise subject to the NIH Guidelines voluntarily follow them. Although the FDA decides whether individual gene therapy protocols may proceed, the review process and determinations of other reviewing bodies, such as an IBC, can impede or delay the initiation of a clinical trial, even if the FDA has reviewed the trial and approved its initiation.

The same applies in the EU. The EMA’s Committee for Advanced Therapies (CAT), is responsible for assessing the quality, safety, and efficacy of advanced-therapy medicinal products (which include gene therapy medicines and somatic cell therapy medicines). The role of the CAT is to prepare a draft opinion on an application for marketing authorization for a gene therapy medicinal candidate that is submitted to the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP), before the CHMP adopts its final opinion. In the European Union, the development and evaluation of a gene therapy medicinal products must be considered in the context of the relevant European Union guidelines. The EMA may issue new guidelines concerning the development and marketing authorization for gene therapy medicinal products and require that we comply with these new guidelines, which may increase our regulatory burden of developing and marketing gene and cell therapy products in the European Union.

Adverse developments in post-marketing experience or in clinical trials conducted by others of gene therapy products, cell therapy products, or products developed through the application of gene editing technology may cause the FDA, the EMA, and other regulatory bodies to revise the requirements for development or approval of our product candidates or limit the use of products utilizing gene editing technologies, either of which could materially harm our business. In addition, the clinical trial requirements of the FDA, the EMA, and other regulatory authorities and the criteria these regulators use to determine the safety and efficacy of a product candidate vary substantially according to the type, complexity, novelty, and intended use and market of the potential products. The regulatory approval process for novel product candidates such as our product candidates can be more expensive and take longer than for other, better known, or more extensively studied pharmaceutical or other product candidates. Regulatory agencies administering existing or future regulations or legislation may not allow production and marketing of products utilizing gene editing technology in a timely manner or under technically or commercially feasible conditions. In addition, regulatory action or private litigation could result in expenses, delays, or other impediments to our research programs or the commercialization of resulting products.

The regulatory review committees and advisory groups described above and the new guidelines they promulgate may lengthen the regulatory review process, require us to perform additional studies or trials, increase our development costs, lead to changes in regulatory positions and interpretations, delay or prevent approval and commercialization of these treatment candidates, or lead to significant post-approval limitations or restrictions. As we advance our research programs and develop future product candidates, we will be required to consult with these regulatory and advisory groups and to comply with applicable guidelines. If we fail to do so, we may be required to delay or discontinue development of any product candidates we identify and develop.

Because we are developing product candidates in the field of gene editing, in which there is limited clinical experience, there is increased risk that the FDA, the EMA, or other regulatory authorities may not consider the endpoints of our clinical trials to provide clinically meaningful results and that these results may be difficult to analyze.

During the regulatory review process, we will need to identify success criteria and endpoints such that the FDA, the EMA, or other regulatory authorities will be able to determine the clinical efficacy and safety profile of our product candidates. As we are initially seeking to identify and develop product candidates to treat diseases in which there is little clinical experience using new technologies, there is heightened risk that the FDA, the EMA, or other regulatory authorities may not consider the clinical trial endpoints that we propose to provide clinically meaningful results (reflecting a tangible benefit to patients). In addition, the resulting clinical data and results may be difficult to analyze. Even if the FDA does find our success criteria to be sufficiently validated and clinically meaningful, we may not achieve the pre-specified endpoints to a degree of statistical significance. This may be a particularly significant risk for many of the genetically defined diseases for which we have developed or plan to develop product candidates because many of these diseases, including SCD, XSCID and Gaucher disease, have small patient populations, and designing and executing a rigorous clinical trial with appropriate statistical power is more difficult than with diseases that have larger patient populations. Further, even if we do achieve the pre-specified criteria, we may produce results that are unpredictable or inconsistent with the results of the non-primary endpoints or other relevant data. The FDA also weighs the benefits of a product against its risks, and the FDA may view the efficacy results in the context of safety as not being supportive of regulatory approval. Other regulatory authorities in the European Union and other countries may make similar comments with respect to these endpoints and data. Our product candidates will be based on a novel technology that makes it difficult to predict the time and cost of development and of subsequently obtaining regulatory approval. No gene editing therapeutic product has been approved in the United States or in Europe.

Clinical development involves a lengthy and expensive process, with an uncertain outcome. If clinical trials of any of our current or future product candidates fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of regulatory authorities or do not otherwise produce positive results, we may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and commercialization of such product candidates.

We are in the early stages of clinical development for nula-cel in SCD, and all of our other programs are in discovery or preclinical development. Before obtaining marketing approval from regulatory authorities for the sale of our product candidates, we must complete preclinical development and then conduct extensive clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the product in humans. It is impossible to predict when or if any of our programs will prove effective and safe in humans or will receive regulatory approval. Preclinical and clinical testing is expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and is uncertain as to outcome. A failure of one or more clinical trials can occur at any stage of clinical trials. Interim results of a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results. We do not know whether any of our clinical trials will begin or be completed on schedule, if at all.

Moreover, preclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses. Many companies that have believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain marketing approval of their product candidates.

We may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, clinical trials that we conduct, which could delay or prevent our ability to receive marketing approval or commercialize our product candidates, including:

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challenges in obtaining regulatory clearance or approval to commence clinical trials in the United States from the FDA through an IND, or from other comparable regulatory agencies outside the United States through corresponding applications because these agencies have very limited or no experience with the clinical development of gene editing therapeutics, which may require additional significant testing or data compared to more traditional therapies;

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successfully developing processes for the safe administration of these products, including long-term follow-up for patients who receive treatment with any of our product candidates;

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delays in reaching a consensus with regulators on trial design and product release specifications;

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delays in reaching or failing to reach agreement on acceptable clinical trial contracts or clinical trial protocols with prospective CROs, and clinical trial sites;

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clinical trials of our product candidates may fail to show safety or efficacy, or could produce negative or inconclusive results, and we may decide, or regulators may require us, to conduct additional preclinical studies or clinical trials or abandon product development or research programs;

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clinical trials due to ethical considerations which may render it inappropriate to conduct a trial with a control arm that can be effectively compared to a treatment arm;

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the number of patients required for clinical trials of our product candidates may be larger than we anticipate; enrollment of suitable participants in these clinical trials, which may be particularly challenging for some of the rare genetically defined diseases we are targeting in our most advanced programs, may be delayed or slower than we anticipate; or patients may drop out of these clinical trials at a higher rate than we anticipate;

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we will need to educate medical personnel, including clinical investigators, and patients regarding the potential benefits and side effect profile of each of our product candidates;

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regulatory agencies may require us to perform more extensive or lengthier clinical testing or generate more data, such as long-term toxicology studies, compared to existing therapeutic modalities, or may impose other requirements before permitting us to initiate or rely on a clinical trial;

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our third-party contractors may fail to comply with regulatory requirements or meet their contractual obligations to us in a timely manner, or at all, or may deviate from the clinical trial protocol or drop out of the trial, which may require that we add new clinical trial sites or investigators;

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regulators, IRBs, or independent ethics committees may require that we or our investigators suspend or terminate clinical research or clinical trials of our product candidates for various reasons, including noncompliance with regulatory requirements, a finding of undesirable side effects or other unexpected characteristics, or that the participants are being exposed to unacceptable health risks or after an inspection of our clinical trial operations or trial sites;

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the cost of clinical trials of our product candidates may be greater than we anticipate;

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the supply or quality of our product candidates or other materials necessary to conduct clinical trials of our product candidates may be insufficient or inadequate, including as a result of delays in the testing, validation, manufacturing, and delivery of our product candidates to the clinical sites by us or by third parties with whom we have contracted to perform certain of those functions;

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we may face challenges in sourcing clinical and, if approved, commercial supplies for the materials used to manufacture and process our product candidates, which may include importing or exporting materials between different jurisdictions;

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we may be unable to develop a manufacturing process and distribution network with a cost of goods that allows for an attractive return on investment; and

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we may face challenges in establishing sales and marketing capabilities in anticipation of, and after obtaining, any regulatory approval to gain market authorization.

In addition, disruptions caused by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic may increase the likelihood that we encounter such difficulties or delays in initiating, enrolling, conducting or completing our planned clinical trials. We could also encounter delays if a clinical trial is suspended or terminated by us, the IRBs of the institutions in which such trials are being conducted or the relevant ethics committee, the Data Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB), for such trial, or the FDA or other relevant regulatory authorities. We or such authorities may impose such a suspension or termination due to a number of factors, including failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or our clinical protocols, inspection of the clinical trial operations or trial site by the FDA or other regulatory authorities, resulting in the imposition of a clinical hold, manufacturing or quality control issues, unforeseen safety issues or adverse side effects, failure to demonstrate a benefit from using a product or treatment, failure to establish or achieve clinically meaningful trial endpoints, changes in governmental regulations or administrative actions or lack of adequate funding to continue the clinical trial. Many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of our product candidates. Further, the FDA or other regulatory authorities may disagree with our clinical trial design and our interpretation of data from clinical trials or may change the requirements for approval even after they have reviewed and commented on the design for our clinical trials.

If we are required to conduct additional clinical trials or other testing of our product candidates beyond those that we currently contemplate, if we are unable to successfully complete clinical trials or other testing of our product candidates, or if the results of these trials or tests are not positive or are only modestly positive or if there are safety concerns, we may:

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be delayed in obtaining marketing approval for our such product candidates or not obtain marketing approval at all;

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obtain approval for indications or patient populations that are not as broad as intended or desired;

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obtain approval with labeling that includes significant use or distribution restrictions or safety warnings, including boxed warnings;

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be subject to changes in the way the product is administered;

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be required to perform additional clinical trials to support approval or be subject to additional post- marketing testing requirements;

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have regulatory authorities withdraw, or suspend, their approval of the product or impose restrictions on its distribution in the form of a REMS or through modification to an existing REMS;

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be sued; or

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experience damage to our reputation.

Product development costs will also increase if we or our collaborators experience delays in clinical trials or other testing or in obtaining marketing approvals. We do not know whether any clinical trials will begin as planned, will need to be restructured, or will be completed on schedule, or at all. Significant clinical trial delays also could shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our product candidates, could allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do, and could impair our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates, any of which may harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Failure to obtain marketing approval in foreign jurisdictions would prevent our product candidates from being marketed in such jurisdictions, which, in turn, would materially impair our ability to generate revenue.

In order to market and sell our product candidates in the European Union and other foreign jurisdictions, we or our third-party collaborators must obtain separate marketing approvals (a single one for the European Union) and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements. The approval procedure varies among countries and can involve additional testing. The time required to obtain approval may differ substantially from that required to obtain FDA approval. The regulatory approval process outside the United States generally includes all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA approval. In addition, in many countries outside the United States, it

is required that the product candidate be approved for reimbursement before the product candidate can be approved for sale in that country. We or these third parties may not obtain approvals from regulatory authorities outside the United States on a timely basis, if at all. Approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions, and approval by one regulatory authority outside the United States does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries or jurisdictions or by the FDA. We may not be able to file for marketing approvals and may not receive necessary approvals to commercialize our product candidates in any jurisdiction, which would materially impair our ability to generate revenue.

On June 23, 2016, the UK electorate voted in favor of leaving the EU, commonly referred to as “Brexit.” Thereafter, on March 29, 2017, the country formally notified the European Union of its intention to withdraw pursuant to Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty and the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the EU formally took effect on January 31, 2020 under the terms of the Withdrawal Agreement. Following the United Kingdom’s departure from the EU, there was a “transition period” during which the United Kingdom was essentially treated as a Member State of the EU and the regulatory regime remained the same across the United Kingdom and the EU, while the future relationship between the United Kingdom and the EU was formally negotiated. This transition period ended on December 31, 2020. The United Kingdom and the EU have signed a EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, which became provisionally applicable on January 1, 2021 and has been formally applicable since May 1, 2021. Under the terms of the deal, the EU and UK have separate regulatory regimes for pharmaceutical products, although there are some provisions for mutual recognition of standards, for example with regards to GMP. For instance, the UK is no longer covered by the centralized procedure for obtaining EU-wide marketing authorizations for medicinal products, and a separate process for authorization of medicinal products is required in the UK, resulting in an authorization covering the UK or Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) only. At present, Great Britain has implemented EU legislation on the marketing, promotion and sale of medicinal products through the Human Medicines Regulations 2012 (as amended) (under the Northern Ireland Protocol, the EU regulatory framework will continue to apply in Northern Ireland). The regulatory regime in Great Britain therefore broadly aligns with current EU regulations, however, longer term, the United Kingdom is likely to develop its own legislation that diverges from that in the EU now that Great Britain’s regulatory system is independent from the EU and the TCA does not provide for mutual recognition of UK and EU pharmaceutical legislation. It is possible therefore, that there will be increased regulatory complexities in the UK and EU, which could disrupt the timing of any clinical trials and regulatory approvals that we may determine to pursue in these jurisdictions.

Even if we, or any collaborators we may have, obtain marketing approvals for our product candidates, the terms of approvals and ongoing regulation of our product candidates could require the substantial expenditure of resources and may limit how we, or they, manufacture and market our product candidates, which could materially impair our ability to generate revenue.

Any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval, along with the manufacturing processes, post-approval clinical data, labeling, advertising, and promotional activities for such product, will be subject to continual requirements of and review by the FDA, EMA and other regulatory authorities. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, facility registration and drug listing requirements, cGMP requirements relating to quality control, quality assurance and corresponding maintenance of records and documents, applicable product tracking and tracing requirements, and requirements regarding the distribution of samples to physicians and recordkeeping. Even if marketing approval of a product candidate is granted, the approval may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the products may be marketed or to the conditions of approval, or contain requirements for costly post-marketing testing and surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of the products.

Accordingly, assuming we, or any collaborators we may have, receive marketing approval for one or more product candidates we develop, we, and such collaborators, and our and their contract manufacturers will continue to expend time, money, and effort in all areas of regulatory compliance, including manufacturing, production, product surveillance, and quality control. If we and such collaborators are not able to comply with post-approval regulatory requirements, we and such collaborators could have the marketing approvals for our products withdrawn by regulatory authorities and our, or such collaborators’, ability to market any future products could be limited, which could adversely affect our ability to achieve or sustain profitability. Further, the cost of compliance with post-approval regulations may have a negative effect on our business, operating results, financial condition, and prospects.

Any product candidate for which we obtain marketing approval could be subject to restrictions or withdrawal from the market, and we may be subject to substantial penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements or if we experience unanticipated problems with our product candidates, when and if any of them are approved.

The FDA, the EMA, and other regulatory agencies closely regulate the post-approval marketing and promotion of product candidates to ensure that they are marketed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling. The FDA, the EMA and other regulatory agencies impose stringent restrictions on manufacturers’ communications regarding off-label use, and if we market our product candidates for off-label use, we may be subject to enforcement action for off-label marketing by the FDA and other federal and state enforcement agencies, including the Department of Justice. Violation of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA), and other statutes, including the False Claims Act (FCA), and equivalent legislation in other countries relating to the promotion and advertising of prescription products may also lead to investigations or allegations of violations of federal and state and other countries’ health care fraud and abuse laws and state consumer protection laws. Even if it is later determined we were not in violation of these laws, we may be faced with negative publicity, incur significant expenses defending our actions and have to divert significant management resources from other matters.

In addition, later discovery of previously unknown problems with our products, manufacturers, or manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may yield various negative consequences, including:

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restrictions on such products, manufacturers, or manufacturing processes;

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restrictions on the labeling or marketing of a therapy;

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restrictions on the distribution or use of a therapy;

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requirements to conduct post-marketing clinical trials;

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receipt of warning or untitled letters;

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withdrawal of the products from the market;

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refusal to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications that we submit;

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recall of products;

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fines, restitution, or disgorgement of profits or revenue;

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restrictions on future procurements with governmental authorities;

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suspension or withdrawal of marketing approvals;

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suspension of any ongoing clinical trials;

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refusal to permit the import or export of our products;

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product seizure; and

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injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.

Any government investigation of alleged violations of law could require us to expend significant time and resources in response and could generate negative publicity. The occurrence of any event or penalty described above may inhibit our ability to commercialize our product candidates and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Our relationships with healthcare providers, physicians, and third-party payors will be subject to applicable anti-kickback, fraud and abuse, anti-bribery and other healthcare laws and regulations, which could expose us to criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages, reputational harm, and diminished profits and future earnings.

Healthcare providers, including physicians, and third-party payors play a primary role in the recommendation and prescription of any product candidates that we may develop for which we obtain marketing approval. Our current and future arrangements with third-party payors, healthcare providers and customers may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we market, sell, and distribute our products for which we obtain marketing approval. See section entitled “Business – Government Other U.S. Healthcare Laws and Compliance Requirements” in Part I Item 1, Business of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations will involve substantial costs. Given the breadth of the laws and regulations, limited guidance for certain laws and regulations and evolving government interpretations of the laws and regulations, governmental authorities may possibly conclude that our business practices may not comply with healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other government regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to significant penalties, including without limitation, civil, criminal and/or administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, exclusion from participation in government health care programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, individual imprisonment, injunctions, private “qui tam” actions brought by individual whistleblowers in the name of the government, or refusal to allow us to enter into government contracts, contractual damages, reputational harm, administrative burdens, diminished profits and future earnings, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Healthcare and other reform legislation may increase the difficulty and cost for us and any collaborators we may have to obtain marketing approval of and commercialize our product candidates and affect the prices we, or they, may obtain.

In the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been and continue to be ongoing efforts to implement legislative and regulatory changes regarding the healthcare system. Such changes could prevent or delay marketing approval of any product candidates that we may develop, restrict or regulate post-approval activities, and affect our ability to profitably sell any product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval. Although we cannot predict what healthcare or other reform efforts will be successful, such efforts may result in more rigorous coverage criteria, in additional downward pressure on the price that we, or our future collaborators, may receive for any approved products or in other consequences that may adversely affect our ability to achieve or maintain profitability. See section entitled “Business – Government Regulation – Healthcare Reform” in Part I Item 1, Business of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Within the United States, the federal government and individual states have aggressively pursued healthcare reform, as evidenced by the passing of the ACA and the ongoing efforts to modify or repeal that legislation. The ACA substantially changed the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers and contains a number of provisions that affect coverage and reimbursement of drug products and/or that could potentially reduce the demand for pharmaceutical products such as increasing drug rebates under state Medicaid programs for brand name prescription drugs and extending those rebates to Medicaid managed care and assessing a fee on manufacturers and importers of brand name prescription drugs reimbursed under certain government programs, including Medicare and Medicaid. Other aspects of healthcare reform, such as expanded government enforcement authority and heightened standards that could increase compliance-related costs, could also affect our business. Modifications have been implemented under the previous presidential administration and additional modifications or repeal may occur.

Moreover, increasing efforts by governmental and third-party payors in the United States and abroad to cap or reduce healthcare costs may cause such organizations to limit both coverage and the level of reimbursement for newly approved products and, as a result, they may not cover or provide adequate payment for our product candidates. There has been increasing legislative and enforcement interest in the United States with respect to specialty drug pricing practices. Specifically, there have been several recent U.S. Congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, reduce the cost of prescription drugs under Medicare, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drugs.

We expect that the healthcare reform measures that have been adopted and may be adopted in the future, may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and in additional downward pressure on the price that we receive for any approved product and could seriously harm our future revenues. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability or commercialize our products.

Fast track, breakthrough, or regenerative medicine advanced therapy designation by the FDA may not actually lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process, and does not assure FDA approval of our product candidates.

FDA’s fast track, breakthrough, and regenerative medicine advanced therapy (RMAT), programs are intended to expedite the development of certain qualifying products intended for the treatment of serious diseases and conditions. If a product candidate is intended for the treatment of a serious or life-threatening condition and preclinical or clinical data demonstrate the product’s potential to address an unmet medical need for this condition, the sponsor may apply for FDA fast track designation. A product candidate may be designated as a breakthrough therapy if it is intended to treat a serious or life-threatening condition and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the product candidate may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints. A product candidate may receive RMAT designation if it is a regenerative medicine therapy that is intended to treat, modify, reverse or cure a serious or life-threatening condition, and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the product candidate has the potential to address an unmet medical need for such condition. While we may seek fast track, breakthrough, and/or RMAT designation, there is no guarantee that we will be successful in obtaining any such designation. Even if we do obtain such designation, such as the fast track designation we have received for nula-cel for the treatment of sickle cell disease, we may not experience a faster development process, review or approval compared to conventional FDA procedures. A fast track, breakthrough, or RMAT designation does not ensure that the product candidate will receive marketing approval or that approval will be granted within any particular timeframe. In addition, the FDA may withdraw fast track, breakthrough, or RMAT designation if it believes that the designation is no longer supported by data from our clinical development program. Fast track, breakthrough, and/or RMAT designation alone do not guarantee qualification for the FDA’s priority review procedures.

Priority review designation by the FDA may not lead to a faster regulatory review or approval process and, in any event, does not assure FDA approval of our product candidates.

If the FDA determines that a product candidate is intended to treat a serious disease or condition and, if approved, would provide a significant improvement in the safety or effectiveness of the treatment, prevention, or diagnosis of such disease or condition, the FDA may designate the product candidate for priority review. A priority review designation means that the goal for the FDA to review a marketing application is six months from filing of the application, rather than the standard review period of ten months. We may request priority review for certain of our product candidates. The FDA has broad discretion with respect to whether or not to grant priority review status to a product candidate, so even if we believe a particular product candidate is eligible for such designation or status, the FDA may disagree and decide not to grant it. Moreover, a priority review designation does not necessarily mean a faster regulatory review process or necessarily confer any advantage with respect to approval compared to conventional FDA procedures. Receiving priority review from the FDA does not guarantee approval within the six-month review cycle or thereafter.

We may not be able to obtain orphan drug designation for our product candidates, and even if we do, we may not be able to obtain orphan drug exclusivity and the associated market exclusivity may not prevent the FDA or the EMA from approving other competing products.

Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may designate a product candidate as an orphan drug if it is a drug or biologic intended to treat a rare disease or condition. A similar regulatory scheme governs approval of orphan product candidates by the EMA in the European Union. Generally, if a product with an orphan drug designation subsequently receives the first marketing approval for the indication for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to a period of marketing exclusivity, which precludes the FDA or the EMA from approving another marketing application for another similar product candidate for the same orphan therapeutic indication for that time period. The applicable period is seven years in the United States and ten years in the European Union. The exclusivity period in the European Union can be reduced to six years if, at the end of the fifth year, it is determined that a product no longer meets the criteria for orphan drug designation, including if the product is sufficiently profitable so that market exclusivity is no longer justified.

In order for the FDA to grant orphan drug designation to one of our product candidates, the agency must find that the product candidate is intended to treat a condition or disease that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States or that affects 200,000 or more individuals in the United States and for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making the product candidate available for the disease or condition will be recovered from sales of the product in the United States. The FDA may conclude that the condition or disease for which we seek orphan drug designation does not meet this standard. Even if a product candidate we are developing is approved, we may not obtain orphan drug exclusivity. If we obtain orphan drug exclusivity for a product candidate, that exclusivity may not effectively protect the product candidate from competition because different product candidates can be approved for the same condition. In addition, even after an orphan drug is approved, the FDA can subsequently approve the same product candidate for the same condition if the FDA concludes that the later product candidate is clinically superior in that it is shown to be safer, more effective or makes a major contribution to patient care compared with the product that has orphan exclusivity. Orphan drug exclusivity may also be lost if the FDA or EMA determines that the request for designation was materially defective or if the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient quantity of the product to meet the needs of the patients with the rare disease or condition.

Our employees, principal investigators, consultants, and commercial partners may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including non-compliance with regulatory standards and requirements and insider trading.

We are exposed to the risk of fraud or other misconduct by our employees, consultants, and commercial partners, and, if we commence clinical trials, our principal investigators. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional failures to comply with FDA regulations or the regulations applicable in the European Union and other jurisdictions, provide accurate information to the FDA, the EMA, and other regulatory authorities, comply with healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations in the United States and abroad, report financial information or data accurately, or disclose unauthorized activities to us. In particular, sales, marketing, and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, misconduct, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs, and other business arrangements. Such misconduct also could involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials or interactions with the FDA, the EMA or other regulatory authorities, which could result in regulatory sanctions and cause serious harm to our reputation. We have adopted a code of conduct applicable to all of our employees, but it is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from government investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects, including the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions.

We are subject to U.S. and certain foreign export and import controls, sanctions, embargoes, anti-corruption laws, and anti-money laundering laws and regulations. Compliance with these legal standards could impair our ability to compete in domestic and international markets. We can face criminal liability and other serious consequences for violations, which can harm our business.

We are subject to export control and import laws and regulations, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations, U.S. Customs regulations, various economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended (FCPA), the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, the USA PATRIOT Act, and other state and national anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws in the countries in which we conduct activities. Anti-corruption laws are interpreted broadly and prohibit companies and their employees, agents, contractors, and other collaborators from authorizing, promising, offering, or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or anything else of value to recipients in the public or private sector. We may engage third parties to sell our products outside the United States, to conduct clinical trials, and/or to obtain necessary permits, licenses, patent registrations, and other regulatory approvals. We have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or government-affiliated hospitals, universities, and other organizations. We can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of our employees, agents, contractors, and other collaborators, even if we do not explicitly authorize or have actual knowledge of such activities. Any violations of the laws and regulations described above may result in substantial civil and criminal fines and penalties, imprisonment, the loss of export or import privileges, debarment, tax reassessments, breach of contract and fraud litigation, reputational harm, and other consequences.

Inadequate funding for the FDA and other government agencies could hinder their ability to hire and retain key leadership and other personnel, prevent new products and services from being developed or commercialized in a timely manner or otherwise prevent those agencies from performing normal business functions on which the operation of our business may rely, which could negatively impact our business.

The ability of the FDA to review and approve new products can be affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels, ability to hire and retain key personnel and accept the payment of user fees, and statutory, regulatory, and policy changes. Average review times at the agency have fluctuated in recent years as a result. In addition, government funding of other agencies on which our operations may rely, including those that fund research and development activities, is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable.

Disruptions at the FDA and other agencies may also slow the time necessary for new drugs to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary government agencies, which would adversely affect our business. For example, over the last several years the U.S. government has shut down several times and certain regulatory agencies, such as the FDA, have had to furlough critical FDA and other government employees and stop critical activities. Since March 2020 when foreign and domestic inspections of facilities were largely placed on hold, the FDA has been working to resume routine surveillance, bioresearch monitoring and pre-approval inspections on a prioritized basis. Since April 2021, the FDA has conducted limited inspections and employed remote interactive evaluations, using risk management methods, to meet user fee commitments and goal dates. Ongoing travel restrictions and other uncertainties continue to impact oversight operations both domestic and abroad and it is unclear when standard operational levels will resume. The FDA is continuing to complete mission-critical work, prioritize other higher-tiered inspectional needs (e.g., for-cause inspections), and carry out surveillance inspections using risk-based approaches for evaluating public health. Should FDA determine that an inspection is necessary for approval and an inspection cannot be completed during the review cycle due to restrictions on travel, and the FDA does not determine a remote interactive evaluation to be adequate, the agency has stated that it generally intends to issue, depending on the circumstances, a complete response letter or defer action on the application until an inspection can be completed. During the COVID-19 public health emergency, a number of companies announced receipt of complete response letters due to the FDA’s inability to complete required inspections for their applications. Additionally, during the COVID-19 public health emergency, the FDA has noted that it is continuing to ensure timely reviews of applications for medical products in line with its user fee performance goals; however, the FDA may not be able to continue its current pace and review timelines could be extended, including where a pre-approval inspection or an inspection of clinical sites is required and due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and travel restrictions, the FDA is unable to complete such required inspections during the review period. Regulatory authorities outside the U.S. may adopt similar restrictions or other policy measures in response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and may experience delays in their regulatory activities.

We are subject to stringent privacy laws, information security laws, regulations, policies and contractual obligations related to data privacy and security and changes in such laws, regulations, policies and contractual obligations could adversely affect our business.

We are subject to data privacy and protection laws and regulations that apply to the collection, transmission, storage and use of personally identifying information, which among other things, impose certain requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission of personal information, including comprehensive regulatory systems in the United States and EU. The legislative and regulatory landscape for privacy and data protection continues to evolve in jurisdictions worldwide, and there has been an increasing focus on privacy and data protection issues with the potential to affect our business. Failure to comply with any of these laws, regulations, contractual obligations, or standards could result in enforcement action against us, including fines, imprisonment of company officials and public censure, claims for damages by affected individuals, customers, or business partners, damage to our reputation and loss of goodwill, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects.

There are numerous U.S. federal and state laws and regulations related to the privacy and security of personal information. In particular, regulations promulgated pursuant to the HIPAA establish privacy and security standards that limit the use and disclosure of individually identifiable health information, or protected health information, and require the implementation of administrative, physical and technological safeguards to protect the privacy of protected health information and ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of electronic protected health information. Determining whether protected health information has been handled in compliance with applicable privacy standards and our contractual obligations can be complex and may be subject to changing interpretation.

If we are unable to properly protect the privacy and security of protected health information, we could be alleged or actually found to have breached our contracts. Further, if we fail to comply with applicable privacy laws, including applicable HIPAA privacy and security standards, we could face civil and criminal penalties. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, of HHS, has the discretion to impose penalties without attempting to resolve violations through informal means. HHS enforcement activity can result in financial liability and reputational harm, and responses to such enforcement activity can consume significant internal resources. In addition, state attorneys general are authorized to bring civil actions seeking either injunctions or damages in response to violations that threaten the privacy of state residents. Furthermore, a number of states, including California, Virginia and Colorado have enacted comprehensive consumer privacy laws. Although these laws contain exemptions for information subject to HIPAA, we cannot be certain how these new laws will be interpreted, enforced or applied to our operations. In addition to the risks associated with enforcement activities and potential contractual liabilities, our ongoing efforts to comply with evolving laws and regulations at the federal and state level may be costly and require ongoing modifications to our policies, procedures and systems.

Data privacy remains an evolving landscape at both the domestic and international level, with new regulations coming into effect and continued legal challenges, and our efforts to comply with the evolving data protection rules may be unsuccessful. It is possible that these laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our practices. We must devote significant resources to understanding and complying with this changing landscape. Failure to comply with laws regarding privacy and/or data protection would expose us to risk of enforcement actions taken by data protection authorities and carries with it the potential for significant penalties if we are found to be non-compliant. Similarly, failure to comply with federal and state laws in the United States regarding privacy and security of personal information could expose us to penalties under such laws. Any such failure to comply with data protection and privacy laws could result in government-imposed fines or orders requiring that we change our practices, claims for damages or other liabilities, regulatory investigations and enforcement action, litigation and significant costs for remediation, any of which could adversely affect our business. Even if we are not determined to have violated these laws, government investigations into these issues typically require the expenditure of significant resources and generate negative publicity, which could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects.

Risks Related to Employee Matters, Managing Growth, Public Health and Information Technology

Our future success depends on our ability to retain our executive officers and other key employees and to attract, retain, and motivate qualified personnel.

We are highly dependent on our executive officers, as well as the other principal members of our management and scientific teams. Each of our executive officers and such other principal members are employed “at will,” meaning we or they may terminate the employment at any time. We do not maintain “key person” insurance for any of our executives or other employees. The loss of the services of any of these persons could impede the achievement of our research, development, and commercialization objectives.

Recruiting and retaining qualified scientific, clinical, manufacturing, and sales and marketing personnel is critical to our success. We may not be able to attract and retain these personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for similar personnel. We also experience competition for the hiring of scientific and clinical personnel from universities and research institutions. In addition, we rely on consultants and advisors, including scientific and clinical advisors, to assist us in formulating our research and development and commercialization strategy. Our consultants and advisors, including our scientific co-founders, may be employed by employers other than us and may have commitments under consulting or advisory contracts with other entities that may limit their availability to us. The inability to recruit, or loss of services of certain executives, key employees, consultants, or advisors, may impede the progress of our research, development, and commercialization objectives and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

We expect to expand our research and development, clinical and regulatory, and future sales and marketing capabilities, and as a result, we may encounter difficulties in managing our growth, which could disrupt our operations.

As of June 30, 2022, we had 111 full-time employees, and, in connection with the advancement of our development programs and becoming a public company, we expect to increase the number of our employees and the scope of our operations further, particularly in the areas of research and clinical development, regulatory affairs, and sales and marketing. To manage our anticipated future growth, we must continue to implement and improve our managerial, operational, and financial systems, expand our facilities, and continue to recruit and train additional qualified personnel. Due to our limited financial resources and the limited experience of our management team in managing a company with such anticipated growth, we may not be able to effectively manage the expected expansion of our operations or recruit and train additional qualified personnel. Moreover, the expected physical expansion of our operations may lead to significant costs and may divert our management and business development resources. Any inability to manage growth could delay the execution of our business plans or disrupt our operations.

As a growing biotechnology company, we are actively developing our platform technology and pursuing new product candidates in multiple therapeutic areas. Successfully developing product candidates for and fully understanding the regulatory and manufacturing pathways to all of these therapeutic areas and disease states requires a significant depth of talent, resources and corporate processes in order to allow simultaneous execution across multiple areas. Due to our limited resources, we may not be able to effectively manage this simultaneous execution and the expansion of our operations or recruit and train additional qualified personnel. This may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, give rise to operational mistakes, legal or regulatory compliance failures, loss of business opportunities, loss of employees and reduced productivity among remaining employees. The expansion of our operations may lead to significant costs and may divert financial resources from other projects, such as the development of our product candidates. If our management is unable to effectively manage our expected development and expansion, our expenses may increase more than expected, our ability to generate or increase our revenue could be reduced and we may not be able to implement our business strategy. Our future financial performance and our ability to compete effectively and commercialize our product candidates, if approved, will depend in part on our ability to effectively manage the future development and expansion of our Company.

Our internal computer systems, or those of our third-party vendors, collaborators or other contractors or consultants, may fail or suffer security breaches, which could result in a material disruption of our product development programs, compromise sensitive information related to our business or prevent us from accessing critical information, potentially exposing us to liability or otherwise adversely affecting our business.

Our internal computer systems and those of our current and any future third-party vendors, collaborators and other contractors or consultants are vulnerable to damage or interruption from computer viruses, malware (including ransomware), phishing attacks, computer hackers, malicious code, employee theft or misuse, intentional or accidental action or lack of action by our employees or any contractors with access to our systems that leads to the introduction of vulnerabilities, denial-of-service attacks, sophisticated nation-state and nation- state-supported actors, supply chain attacks, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. While we seek to protect our information technology systems from system failure and we seek to identify and manage specific cyber security risks, accident and security breach, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a disruption of our development programs and our business operations, whether due to a loss of our trade secrets, personal information, or other proprietary information or other disruptions. For example, the loss of clinical trial data from future clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. If we were to experience a significant cybersecurity breach of our information systems or data, the costs associated with the investigation, remediation and potential notification of the breach to counter-parties and data subjects could be material. In addition, our remediation efforts may not be successful. If we do not allocate and effectively manage the resources necessary to build and sustain the proper technology and cybersecurity infrastructure, we could suffer significant business disruption, including transaction errors, supply chain or manufacturing interruptions, processing inefficiencies, data loss or the loss of or damage to intellectual property or other proprietary information.

To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, our or our third- party vendors’, collaborators’ or other contractors’ or consultants’ data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential, personal or proprietary information, we could incur liability including litigation exposure, penalties and fines, we could become the subject of regulatory action or investigation, our competitive position could be harmed and the further development and commercialization of our product candidates could be delayed. Any of the above could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects.

Our operations are vulnerable to interruption by fire, earthquakes, power loss, telecommunications failure, terrorist activity, pandemics and other events beyond our control, which could harm our business.

Our facilities are located in California. We have not undertaken a systematic analysis of the potential consequences to our business and financial results from a major flood, fire, earthquake, power loss, terrorist activity, pandemics or other disasters and do not have a recovery plan for such disasters. In addition, we do not carry sufficient insurance to compensate us for actual losses from interruption of our business that may occur, and any losses or damages incurred by us could harm our business. The occurrence of any of these business disruptions could seriously harm our operations and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

We do not know whether a market will develop for our common stock or what the market price of our common stock will be, and, as a result, it may be difficult for you to sell your shares of our common stock.

Although our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Global Market, an active trading market for our common stock may not be sustained. If a market for our common stock is not sustained, it may be difficult for you to sell your shares of common stock at an attractive price or at all. We cannot predict the prices at which our common stock will trade in the future. It is possible that in one or more future periods our results of operations may be below the expectations of public market analysts and investors, and, as a result of these and other factors, the price of our common stock may fall.

The market price of our common stock may be volatile, which could result in substantial losses for investors.

The market price for our common stock may be influenced by those factors discussed in this “Risk Factors” section and many others, including:

•

the success of existing or new competitive product candidates or technologies;

•

the timing and results of preclinical studies and clinical trials for our product candidates;

•

failure or discontinuation of any of our product development and research programs;

•

results of preclinical studies, clinical trials, or regulatory approvals of product candidates of our competitors, or announcements about new research programs or product candidates of our competitors;

•

developments or changing views regarding the use of genetic medicines, including those that involve gene editing;

•

commencement or termination of collaborations for our product development and research programs;

•

regulatory or legal developments in the United States and other countries;

•

developments or disputes concerning patent applications, issued patents, or other proprietary rights;

•

the recruitment or departure of key personnel;

•

the level of expenses related to any of our research programs, clinical development programs, or product candidates that we may develop;

•

the results of our efforts to develop additional product candidates or products;

•

actual or anticipated changes in estimates as to financial results, development timelines, or recommendations by securities analysts, if any, that cover our stock;

•

announcement or expectation of additional financing efforts;

•

sales of our common stock by us, our insiders or other stockholders or the perception that such sales may occur;

•

variations in our financial results or those of companies that are perceived to be similar to us;

•

changes in the structure of healthcare payment systems;

•

market conditions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors;

•

the COVID-19 pandemic, natural disasters, or major catastrophic events;

•

general economic, industry, and market conditions, including inflationary pressures; and

•

the other factors described in this “Risk Factors” section.

In recent years, the stock market in general, and the market for pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies in particular, has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to changes in the operating performance of the companies whose stock is experiencing those price and volume fluctuations. Broad market and industry factors may seriously affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. Following periods of such volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been brought against that company. Because of the potential volatility of our stock price, we may become the target of securities litigation in the future.

Securities litigation could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention and resources from our business.

Future sales and issuances of our common stock or rights to acquire shares of our common stock, could result in additional dilution to the ownership of our stockholders and cause the market price of our common stock to decline significantly.

We will need additional capital in the future to continue our planned operations. To the extent we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, our stockholders may experience substantial dilution. We may sell common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner we determine from time to time. If we sell common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in more than one transaction, investors may be materially diluted by subsequent sales. These sales may also result in material dilution to our existing stockholders, and new investors could be granted rights superior to our existing stockholders. In July 2022, we filed a registration statement on Form S-3 relating to the registration of our common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, warrants and units or any combination thereof. Concurrently with the filing of such registration statement, we entered into an “at-the-market” offering program, or ATM, which provides for the offering, issuance and sale by us of shares of our common stock from time to time for aggregate gross proceeds of up to $75 million in sales deemed to be “at-the-market offerings” as defined by the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Any sale or issuance of securities pursuant to this registration statement or otherwise may result in dilution to our stockholders and may cause the market price of our stock to decline. Furthermore, new investors purchasing securities that we may issue and sell in the future could obtain rights superior to the rights of our existing stockholders.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could occur at any time. These sales, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares of common stock intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of our common stock. As of June 30, 2022, we have 58,211,192 shares of common stock outstanding. Significant portions of these shares are held by a small number of stockholders, including persons who were our stockholders prior to our initial public offering. Sales by our stockholders of a substantial number of shares, or the expectation that such sales may occur, could significantly reduce the market price of our common stock. Moreover, certain shares of our common stock have rights, subject to conditions, to require us to file registration statements covering their shares or to include their shares in registration statements that we may file for ourselves or other stockholders. We have also registered or intend to register all shares of common stock that we may issue under our equity compensation plans or that are issuable upon exercise of outstanding options. These shares can be freely sold in the public market upon issuance and once vested, subject to volume limitations applicable to affiliates. In addition, our directors, executive officers and certain affiliates may establish programmed selling plans under Rule 10b5-1 of the Exchange Act for the purpose of effecting sales of our common stock. If any of these events cause a large number of our shares to be sold, or if it is perceived that they will be sold, in the public market, the market price of our common stock could

decline.

Our principal stockholders and management own a significant percentage of our stock and will be able to exert significant control over matters subject to stockholder approval.

As of June 30, 2022, our executive officers, directors, holders of 5% or more of our capital stock and their respective affiliates beneficially owned approximately 64.9% of our common stock. This group of stockholders has the ability to control us through this ownership position. These stockholders may be able to determine all matters requiring stockholder approval. For example, these stockholders may be able to control elections of directors, amendments of our organizational documents or approval of any merger, sale of assets or other major corporate transaction. This may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our common stock that you may feel are in your best interest as one of our stockholders. The interests of this group of stockholders may not always coincide with the interests of our other stockholders and they may act in a manner that advances their best interests and not necessarily those of other stockholders, including seeking a premium value for their common stock, and might affect the prevailing market price for our common stock.

We are an “emerging growth company” and a “smaller reporting company,” and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies and smaller reporting companies may make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act and may remain an emerging growth company for up to five years. For so long as we remain an emerging growth company, we are permitted and plan to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. These exemptions include not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended (“SOX”), not being required to comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. As a result, the information we provide stockholders will be different than the information that is available with respect to other public companies.

In addition, the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This allows an emerging growth company to delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. Accordingly, the information contained in our disclosure may be different from the information you receive from other public companies in which you hold stock. We have elected to use this extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date we (i) are no longer an emerging growth company or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. As a result, our financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates.

Because our annual revenue was less than $100.0 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and the market value of our voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates was less than $560.0 million on June 30, 2022, we have again qualified as a “smaller reporting company.” We may continue to be a smaller reporting company if either (i) the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates is less than $250 million or (ii) our annual revenue is less than $100 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and the market value of our stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700 million. If we are a smaller reporting company at the time we cease to be an emerging growth company, we may continue to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are available to smaller reporting companies. Specifically, as a smaller reporting company we may choose to present only the two most recent fiscal years of audited financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and, similar to emerging growth companies, smaller reporting companies have reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation.

We cannot predict whether investors will find our common stock less attractive if we rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock, and our stock price may be more volatile.

We have broad discretion in the use of the capital we have raised and may not use it effectively.

We cannot specify with certainty the particular uses of the capital we have raised, including the net proceeds from our initial public offering. Accordingly, you will have to rely upon the judgment of our management with respect to the use of these funds, with only limited information concerning management’s specific intentions. Our management may spend a portion or all of the net proceeds from our prior financings, including our initial public offering in ways that our stockholders may not desire or that may not yield a favorable return. The failure by our management to apply these funds effectively could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Pending their use, we may invest the net proceeds from our prior financings, including our initial public offering in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value.

We do not expect to pay any dividends for the foreseeable future. Investors in our common stock may never obtain a return on their investment.

You should not rely on an investment in our common stock to provide dividend income. We do not anticipate that we will pay any dividends to holders of our common stock in the foreseeable future. Instead, we plan to retain any earnings to maintain and expand our existing operations. In addition, any future credit facility may contain terms prohibiting or limiting the amount of dividends that may be declared or paid on our common stock. Accordingly, investors must rely on sales of their common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any return on their investment. As a result, investors seeking cash dividends should not purchase our common stock.

Provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, our amended and restated bylaws and Delaware law may have anti-takeover effects that could discourage an acquisition of us by others, even if an acquisition would be beneficial to our stockholders, and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management, which could depress the trading price of our common stock.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, amended and restated bylaws and Delaware law contain provisions that may have the effect of discouraging, delaying or preventing a change in control of us or changes in our management that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which you might otherwise receive a premium for your shares. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws include provisions that:

•

authorize “blank check” preferred stock, which could be issued by our board of directors without stockholder approval and may contain voting, liquidation, dividend and other rights superior to our common stock;

•

create a classified board of directors whose members serve staggered three-year terms;

•

specify that special meetings of our stockholders can be called only by our board of directors;

•

prohibit stockholder action by written consent;

•

establish an advance notice procedure for stockholder approvals to be brought before an annual meeting of our stockholders, including proposed nominations of persons for election to our board of directors;

•

provide that vacancies on our board of directors may be filled only by a majority of directors then in office, even though less than a quorum;

•

provide that our directors may be removed only for cause;

•

specify that no stockholder is permitted to cumulate votes at any election of directors;

•

expressly authorize our board of directors to make, alter, amend or repeal our amended and restated bylaws; and

•

require supermajority votes of the holders of our common stock to amend specified provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws.

These provisions, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our management. These provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock, thereby depressing the market price of our common stock.

In addition, because we are incorporated in the State of Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (DGCL), which prohibits a person who owns in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person acquired in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock, unless the merger or combination is approved in a prescribed manner.

Any provision of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, amended and restated bylaws or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our common stock, and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock.

Our amended and restated bylaws designate the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the exclusive forum for certain state law litigation that may be initiated by our stockholders and the U.S. federal district courts as the exclusive forum for certain securities law actions, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to litigate disputes with us in a different judicial forum and increase the costs for our stockholders to pursue certain claims against us.

Pursuant to our amended and restated bylaws, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for the following types of actions or proceedings under Delaware statutory or common law: (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our current or former directors, officers or employees to us or our stockholders; (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the DGCL, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our amended and restated bylaws (including their interpretation, validity or enforceability); or (iv) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine. This exclusive forum provision will not apply to any causes of action arising under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. Unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternate

forum, the United States federal district courts shall be the sole and exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. In addition, our amended and restated bylaws provide that any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock is deemed to have notice of and consented to these exclusive forum provisions. The forum selection provisions in our amended and restated bylaws may limit our stockholders’ ability to litigate disputes with us in a judicial forum that they find favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees, which may discourage the filing of lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and employees, even though an action, if successful, might benefit our stockholders. In addition, these forum selection provisions may impose additional litigation costs for stockholders who determine to pursue any such lawsuits against us.

General Risk Factors

If securities analysts do not publish research or reports about our business or if they publish negative evaluations of our stock, the price of our stock could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will rely in part on the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of the analysts covering our business downgrade their evaluations of our stock, the price of our stock could decline. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover our stock, we could lose visibility in the market for our stock, which in turn could cause our stock price to decline.

If we fail to establish and maintain proper and effective internal control over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our common stock could decline significantly.

Ensuring that we have adequate internal financial and accounting controls and procedures in place so that we can produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis is a costly and time-consuming effort that needs to be re-evaluated frequently. As a public company, we are required to maintain internal controls over financial reporting and to report any material weaknesses in such internal controls. Section 404 of SOX requires annual management assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. However, our auditors will not be required to formally attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of SOX until we are no longer an emerging growth company if we continue to take advantage of the exemptions available to us through the JOBS Act.

Implementing any appropriate changes to our internal controls may distract our officers and employees, entail substantial costs to modify our existing processes and take significant time to complete. These changes may not, however, be effective in maintaining the adequacy of our internal controls, and any failure to maintain that adequacy, or consequent inability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis, could increase our operating costs and harm our business. In addition, investors’ perceptions that our internal controls are inadequate or that we are unable to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis could cause investors to lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and could cause the market price of our common stock to decline significantly.

We incur significant costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management is required to devote substantial time to compliance initiatives and corporate governance practices.

As a public company, and particularly after we are no longer an “emerging growth company,” we incur, and expect to continue to incur, significant legal, accounting, and other expenses. SOX, the Dodd- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the listing requirements of The Nasdaq Global Market, and other applicable securities rules and regulations impose various requirements on public companies, including establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls and corporate governance practices. We expect that we will need to hire additional accounting, finance, and other personnel in connection with our efforts to comply with the requirements of being a public company, and our management and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time towards maintaining compliance with these requirements. These requirements result in significant legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, the rules and regulations applicable to us as a public company make it more difficult and more expensive for us to maintain director and officer liability insurance. We continue to monitor these rules and regulations and cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs. These rules and regulations are often subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices.

Pursuant to Section 404 of SOX, we will be required to furnish a report by our management on our internal control over financial reporting beginning with our second filing of an Annual Report on Form 10-K with the SEC. However, while we remain an emerging growth company, we will not be required to include an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by our independent registered public accounting firm. To achieve compliance with Section 404 of SOX within the prescribed period, we will be engaged in a process to document and evaluate our internal control over financial reporting, which is both costly and challenging. In this regard, we will need to continue to dedicate internal resources, potentially engage outside consultants, adopt a detailed work plan to assess and document the adequacy of internal control over financial reporting, continue steps to improve control processes as

appropriate, validate through testing that controls are functioning as documented, and implement a continuous reporting and improvement process for internal control over financial reporting. Despite our efforts, there is a risk that we will not be able to conclude, within the prescribed timeframe or at all, that our internal control over financial reporting is effective as required by Section 404 of SOX. If we identify one or more material weaknesses, it could result in an adverse reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of confidence in the reliability of our financial statements.

Our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud.

We designed our disclosure controls and procedures to reasonably assure that information we must disclose in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, and recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. We believe that any disclosure controls and procedures or internal controls and procedures, no matter how well-conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.

These inherent limitations include the facts that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by an unauthorized override of the controls. Accordingly, because of the inherent limitations in our control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

Global economic uncertainty and unfavorable global economic conditions caused by political instability, changes in trade agreements and conflicts, such as the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects.

Our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects could be adversely affected by general conditions in the global economy and in the global financial markets. A severe or prolonged economic downturn, economic uncertainties in various global markets caused by political instability and conflict, or additional global financial crises, could result in a variety of risks to our business, including weakened demand for our product candidates, if approved, or our inability to raise additional capital when needed on acceptable terms, if at all. A weak or declining economy could also strain our suppliers, possibly resulting in supply disruption. Any of the foregoing could harm our business and we cannot anticipate all of the ways in which the current economic climate and financial market conditions could adversely impact our business.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

(a)

Recent Sales of Unregistered Equity Securities

None.

(b)

Use of Proceeds from the Initial Public Offering of Common Stock

On June 29, 2021, we completed our IPO and issued 14,000,000 shares of our common stock at an initial offering price of $17.00 per share. On July 2, 2021, we issued 2,100,000 shares of our common stock to the underwriters of the IPO pursuant to the exercise of their option to purchase additional shares at a price of $17.00 per share less underwriting discounts and commissions. We received net proceeds from the IPO of approximately $251.3 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of approximately $19.1 million and offering expenses of approximately $3.2 million. None of the expenses associated with the IPO were paid to directors, officers, persons owning 10% or more of any class of equity securities, or to their associates. Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, BofA Securities, Inc., Cowen and Company, LLC and SVB Leerink, LLC acted as book-running managers for the IPO.

Shares of our common stock began trading on The Nasdaq Global Market on June 25, 2021. The offer and sale of the shares were registered under the Securities Act on a registration statement on Form S-1 (Registration No. 333-256838), which was declared effective on June 24, 2021.

As of June 30, 2022, we have used approximately $85.2 million of the net proceeds received in the IPO. Cash used since the IPO is described elsewhere in the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” section of our periodic reports filed with the SEC. There has been no material change in the planned use of proceeds from our IPO as described in the registration statement on Form S-1. We invested the funds received in cash equivalents and other marketable securities in accordance with our investment policy.

(c)

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table provides stock repurchase activity during each of the months of the three months ended June 30, 2022:


	Total number of shares purchased			Average price paid per share		Total number of shares purchased as part of publicly announced plans or programs		Maximum number of shares that may yet be purchased under the plans or programs
April 1, 2022 - April 30, 2022		—	$		—		—		—
May 1, 2022 - May 31, 2022		—			—		—		—
June 1, 2022 - June 30, 2022		50,713			0.30		—		—
Total		50,713	$		0.30

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

None.

Item 6. Exhibits.


Exhibit Number		Description
3.1		Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as currently in effect (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-40532) filed on June 30, 2021).

3.2		Amended and Restated Bylaws, as currently in effect (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-40532) filed on June 30, 2021)

4.1		Specimen Common Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Amendment No. 1 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-256838) filed on June 11, 2021)

4.2		Amended and Restated Investors’ Rights Agreement by and among the Registrant and certain of its stockholders, dated March 11, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-256838) filed on June 4, 2021)

31.1		Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2		Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1*		Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.2*		Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101.INS		Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document

101.SCH		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

104		Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

* This certification will not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), or otherwise subject to the liability of that section. Such certification will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act, except to the extent specifically incorporated by reference into such filing.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


	GRAPHITE BIO, INC.

Date: August 11, 2022	By:	/s/ Josh Lehrer, M.D.
		Josh Lehrer, M.D.
		President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

Date: August 11, 2022	By:	/s/ Alethia Young
		Alethia Young
		Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

Large accelerated filer

Accelerated filer

Non-accelerated filer

Smaller reporting company

Emerging growth company